Wild Animal Mortality Monitoring and Human Ebola Outbreaks, Gabon and Republic of Congo, 2001–2003

Rouquet, Pierre; Froment, Jean-Marc; Bermejo, Magdalena; Kilbourn, Annelisa M.; Karesh, William B.; Reed, Patricia; Kumulungui, Brice; Yaba, Philippe; Delicat, André; Rollin, Pierre E.; Leroy, Eric M.

doi:10.3201/eid1102.040533

Cited by 263 publications

(259 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Only Ϸ10 recognized ZEBOV outbreaks among humans have occurred to date, and all of these took place in west-central Africa during three distinct periods : 1976-1977, 1994-1997, and 2001-2005 (1). Outbreaks have been shown to coincide with significant mortality among wildlife in surrounding areas (2,3), and it is thought that people first acquire infection through the handling of infected animal carcasses (1,4,5). Ecological survey data indicate that the detrimental effects of ZEBOV infection on wildlife populations, mainly chimpanzees and gorillas, over the last two decades have been much more dramatic and widespread than the frequency and geographic scale of human outbreaks alone would suggest (2,(6)(7)(8).…”

Section: Isolates Of Zaire Ebolavirus From Wild Apes Reveal Genetic Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolates of Zaire ebolavirus from wild apes reveal genetic lineage and recombinants

Wittmann

Biek

Hassanin

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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107

114

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Over the last 30 years, Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV), a virus highly pathogenic for humans and wild apes, has emerged repeatedly in Central Africa. Thus far, only a few virus isolates have been characterized genetically, all belonging to a single genetic lineage and originating exclusively from infected human patients. Here, we describe the first ZEBOV sequences isolated from great ape carcasses in the Gabon/Congo region that belong to a previously unrecognized genetic lineage. According to our estimates, this lineage, which we also encountered in the two most recent human outbreaks in the Republic of the Congo in 2003 and 2005, diverged from the previously known viruses around the time of the first documented human outbreak in 1976. These results suggest that virus spillover from the reservoir has occurred more than once, as predicted by the multiple emergence hypothesis. However, the young age of both ZEBOV lineages and the spatial and temporal sequence of outbreaks remain at odds with the idea that the virus simply emerged from a long-established and widespread reservoir population. Based on data from two ZEBOV genes, we also demonstrate, within the family Filoviridae , recombination between the two lineages. According to our estimates, this event took place between 1996 and 2001 and gave rise to a group of recombinant viruses that were responsible for a series of outbreaks in 2001–2003. The potential for recombination adds an additional level of complexity to unraveling and potentially controlling the emergence of ZEBOV in humans and wildlife species.

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Section: Isolates Of Zaire Ebolavirus From Wild Apes Reveal Genetic Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolates of Zaire ebolavirus from wild apes reveal genetic lineage and recombinants

Wittmann

Biek

Hassanin

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

107

114

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“…In semi-arid and arid areas, where crop failure is common due to erratic rainfall [10], livestock production assumes an even more important role. However, diseases maintained or transmitted by wildlife can cause mortality and morbidity of livestock, decreasing livestock production [11,12]. Conversely, wildlife species can be affected by diseases infecting domestic animals, which often are imported and therefore are alien species within the ecosystem [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between burden of infection in ungulate populations and wildlife/livestock interfaces

et al. 2013

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SUMMARYIn southern African transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs), people, livestock and wildlife share space and resources in semi-arid landscapes. One consequence of the coexistence of wild and domestic herbivores is the risk of pathogen transmission. This risk threatens local livelihoods relying on animal production, public health in the case of zoonoses, national economies in the context of transboundary animal diseases, and the success of integrated conservation and development initiatives. The level of interaction between sympatric wild and domestic hosts, defining different wildlife/livestock interfaces, characterizes opportunities of pathogen transmission between host populations. Exploring the relationship between infection burden and different types of wildlife/ domestic interfaces is therefore necessary to manage the sanitary risk in animal populations through control options adapted to these multi-host systems. Here, we assessed the infection burdens of sympatric domestic cattle (Bos taurus/Bos indicus) and African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) at an unfenced interface and compared the infection burdens of cattle populations at different wildlife/ livestock interfaces in the Great Limpopo TFCA. Patterns of infection in ungulate populations varied between wild and domestic hosts and between cattle populations at different wildlife/livestock interfaces. Foot-and-mouth disease, Rift Valley fever and theileriosis infections were detected in buffalo and cattle at unfenced interfaces; bovine tuberculosis was only present in buffalo; and brucellosis and lumpy skin disease only in cattle. At unfenced interfaces, cattle populations presented significantly higher Theileria parva and brucellosis prevalence. We hypothesize that cattle populations at wildlife/livestock interfaces face an increased risk of infection compared to those isolated from wildlife, and that the type of interface could influence the diversity and quantity of pathogens shared. Additional host behavioural and molecular epidemiological studies need to be conducted to support this hypothesis. If it is confirmed, the management of wildlife/livestock interfaces will need to be considered through the prism of livestock and public health.

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“…The Luebo 2007 outbreak represented an independent viral emergence, favored by a viral spillover caused by a dispersed reservoir species. Like the 1994-1997 Gabonese epidemics, these crossborder outbreaks were concomitant to marked wildlife epizootics (Leroy et al, 2004b;Rouquet et al, 2005;Lahm et al, 2007). Chimpanzees, gorillas and duikers were susceptible hosts responsible for viral introduction into human populations.…”

Section: Analyzing the Origin Of Contaminationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chiropteran and Filoviruses in Africa: Unveiling an ancient history

Sylla¹,

Pourrut²,

Diatta³

et al. 2015

Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.

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Wild Animal Mortality Monitoring and Human Ebola Outbreaks, Gabon and Republic of Congo, 2001–2003

Abstract: An animal mortality monitoring network in Gabon and the Republic of Congo has demonstrated potential to predict and possibly prevent human Ebola outbreaks.

Cited by 263 publications

References 19 publications

Isolates of Zaire ebolavirus from wild apes reveal genetic lineage and recombinants

Isolates of Zaire ebolavirus from wild apes reveal genetic lineage and recombinants

Relationship between burden of infection in ungulate populations and wildlife/livestock interfaces

Chiropteran and Filoviruses in Africa: Unveiling an ancient history

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