Widespread Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Transmission Among Attendees at a Large Motorcycle Rally and their Contacts, 30 US Jurisdictions, August–September, 2020

Carter, Rosalind J.; Rose, Dale A.; Sabo, Rebecca T; Clayton, Joshua; Steinberg, Jonathan; Anderson, Mark S.; Fitzgerald, Conor; Haddix, Meredith; Webb, Lindsey; Bell, Alexis T.; Feldpausch, Amanda; Austin, Constance C.; Andreychak, Elaina; Krueger, Anna; Pearlowitz, Marcia; Vostok, Johanna; Johnson, Shannon L.; Firestone, Melanie J.; Anderson, Stacey L.; Stover, Derry; Donahue, Matthew; Irving, Megan; Lifshitz, Jenna; Hicks, Joseph T.; Huang, Kelly Yanting; Donovan, Catherine; Schram, Benjamin; Morano, Laurel Harduar; Strickland, Colten J; Diedhiou, Abdoulaye; Shaffner, Julia; Parsons, Hannah; Collingwood, Abigail; Segaloff, Hannah E; McClinton, Reginald

doi:10.1093/cid/ciab321

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…An analytical model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission argues that more than half of all transmission is from asymptomatic carriers, including both individuals who are presymptomatic and individuals with true asymptomatic infections who never develop symptoms 23 . During a period when those with known PCR-positive symptomatic infections have tended to self-isolate, ‘superspreader’ clusters after large events (such as the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally (South Dakota, USA) attended by half a million bikers in August 2020) 30 were attributed to spread from individuals with presymptomatic and/or asymptomatic infections. A recent study estimated the infectiousness of individuals who were presymptomatic, asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic 31 .…”

Section: Transmission By Asymptomatic Individualsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The immunology of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: what are the key questions?

Boyton

Altmann

2021

Nat Rev Immunol

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An important challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic has been to understand asymptomatic disease and the extent to which this may be a source of transmission. As asymptomatic disease is by definition hard to screen for, there is a lack of clarity about this aspect of the COVID-19 spectrum. Studies have considered whether the prevalence of asymptomatic disease is determined by differences in age, demographics, viral load, duration of shedding, and magnitude or durability of immunity. It is clear that adaptive immunity is strongly activated during asymptomatic infection, but some features of the T cell and antibody response may differ from those in symptomatic disease. Areas that need greater clarity include the extent to which asymptomatic disease leads to persistent symptoms (long COVID), and the quality, quantity and durability of immune priming required to confer subsequent protection.

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Section: Transmission By Asymptomatic Individualsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The immunology of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: what are the key questions?

Boyton

Altmann

2021

Nat Rev Immunol

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“…Masks and social distancing were recommended, but not required, and were subsequently ignored by many attendees. Subsequent epidemiologic analysis revealed that at least 649 COVID-19 cases and one death in 10 US states could be connected to the rally, although the actual figures were probably higher, since many attendees refused to cooperate with health authorities [ 38 ]. Cell phone data showed that 61% of US counties had been visited by a Sturgis Rally attendee, creating a travel hub comparable to a major US city, with analyses estimating that the rally generated public health costs of approximately $12.2 billion [ 39 ], although the study's methodology have been questioned.…”

Section: Government Regulations Individual Freedoms and Public Trustmentioning

confidence: 99%

Policy and planning for large epidemics and pandemics – challenges and lessons learned from COVID-19

Sharp

Jain

Alimi

et al. 2021

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases

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Purpose of review The COVID-19 pandemic is a global catastrophe that has led to untold suffering and death. Many previously identified policy challenges in planning for large epidemics and pandemics have been brought to the fore, and new ones have emerged. Here, we review key policy challenges and lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic in order to be better prepared for the future. Recent findings The most important challenges facing policymakers include financing outbreak preparedness and response in a complex political environment with limited resources, coordinating response efforts among a growing and diverse range of national and international actors, accurately assessing national outbreak preparedness, addressing the shortfall in the global health workforce, building surge capacity of both human and material resources, balancing investments in public health and curative services, building capacity for outbreak-related research and development, and reinforcing measures for infection prevention and control. Summary In recent years, numerous epidemics and pandemics have caused not only considerable loss of life, but billions of dollars of economic loss. The COVID-19 pandemic served as a wake-up call and led to the implementation of relevant policies and countermeasures. Nevertheless, many questions remain and much work to be done. Wise policies and approaches for outbreak control exist but will require the political will to implement them.

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“…These findings underscore the risk for COVID-19 outbreaks at camps and large events where prevention strategies are not implemented and highlight the importance of implementing such strategies to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in these settings (8). Promoting vaccination, implementing and encouraging compliance with prompt quarantine and isolation measures for exposed and infected persons, staying home when sick, and using nonpharmaceutical interventions including masking, physical distancing, and screening testing in large group settings can help reduce secondary infections in homes and the community and serious complications from COVID-19 (9).…”

Section: What Is Already Known About This Topic?mentioning

confidence: 86%

Epidemiologically Linked COVID-19 Outbreaks at a Youth Camp and Men’s Conference — Illinois, June–July 2021

Matthias¹,

Patrick²,

Wiringa³

et al. 2021

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

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IDPH) contacted CDC concerning COVID-19 outbreaks at two events sponsored by the same organization: a 5-day overnight church camp for persons aged 14-18 years and a 2-day men's conference. Neither COVID-19 vaccination nor COVID-19 testing was required before either event. As of August 13, a total of 180 confirmed and probable cases had been identified among attendees at the two events and their close contacts. Among the 122 cases associated with the camp or the conference (primary cases), 18 were in persons who were fully vaccinated, with 38 close contacts. Eight of these 38 close contacts subsequently became infected with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 (secondary cases); among the eight close contacts with secondary cases, one half (four) were fully vaccinated. Among the 180 total persons with outbreak-associated cases, five (2.8%) were hospitalized; no deaths occurred. None of the vaccinated persons with cases were hospitalized. Approximately 1,000 persons across at least four states were exposed to SARS-CoV-2 through attendance at these events or through close contact with a person who had a primary case. This investigation underscores the impact of secondary SARS-CoV-2 transmission during large events, such as camps and conferences, when COVID-19 prevention strategies are not implemented. In Los Angeles County, California, during July 2021, when the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant was predominant, unvaccinated residents were five times more likely to be infected and 29 times more likely to be hospitalized from infection than were vaccinated residents (1). Implementation of multiple prevention strategies, including vaccination and nonpharmaceutical interventions such as masking, physical distancing, and screening testing, are critical to preventing SARS-CoV-2 transmission and serious complications from COVID-19.

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Widespread Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Transmission Among Attendees at a Large Motorcycle Rally and their Contacts, 30 US Jurisdictions, August–September, 2020

Cited by 12 publications

References 7 publications

The immunology of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: what are the key questions?

The immunology of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: what are the key questions?

Policy and planning for large epidemics and pandemics – challenges and lessons learned from COVID-19

Epidemiologically Linked COVID-19 Outbreaks at a Youth Camp and Men’s Conference — Illinois, June–July 2021

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