Widespread positive selection on cetacean TLR extracellular domain

Xu, Shixia; Tian, Ran; Lin, Yurui; Yu, Zhenpeng; Zhang, Zepeng; Xu, N.; Wang, Xiaohong

doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2018.12.022

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…As current technology refines and new technologies are born, new discoveries are forthcoming concerning the enigmatic mammalian DR. Indeed, genetic studies are now underway illustrating how diving mammals, including humans, have adapted to their anoxic underwater environments (Fabrizius et al, 2016;Baranova et al, 2017;Hoff et al, 2017;Ilardo et al, 2018;Zhou et al, 2018;Xu et al, 2019). Introduction of the DR in the mouse (Hult et al, 2019) provides opportunity for an entirely novel set of techniques for genetic manipulation of neurons.…”

Section: The Diving Response In the Humanmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mammalian Diving Response: Inroads to Its Neural Control

Panneton

Gan

2020

Front. Neurosci.

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The mammalian diving response (DR) is a remarkable behavior that was first formally studied by Laurence Irving and Per Scholander in the late 1930s. The DR is called such because it is most prominent in marine mammals such as seals, whales, and dolphins, but nevertheless is found in all mammals studied. It consists generally of breathing cessation (apnea), a dramatic slowing of heart rate (bradycardia), and an increase in peripheral vasoconstriction. The DR is thought to conserve vital oxygen stores and thus maintain life by directing perfusion to the two organs most essential for life-the heart and the brain. The DR is important, not only for its dramatic power over autonomic function, but also because it alters normal homeostatic reflexes such as the baroreceptor reflex and respiratory chemoreceptor reflex. The neurons driving the reflex circuits for the DR are contained within the medulla and spinal cord since the response remains after the brainstem transection at the pontomedullary junction. Neuroanatomical and physiological data suggesting brainstem areas important for the apnea, bradycardia, and peripheral vasoconstriction induced by underwater submersion are reviewed. Defining the brainstem circuit for the DR may open broad avenues for understanding the mechanisms of suprabulbar control of autonomic function in general, as well as implicate its role in some clinical states. Knowledge of the proposed diving circuit should facilitate studies on elite human divers performing breath-holding dives as well as investigations on sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), stroke, migraine headache, and arrhythmias. We have speculated that the DR is the most powerful autonomic reflex known.

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Section: The Diving Response In the Humanmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mammalian Diving Response: Inroads to Its Neural Control

Panneton

Gan

2020

Front. Neurosci.

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“…Evidences of habitat transition driving the evolution of immune-related genes have been identified on many innate immunity genes (2, 51). Particularly, most researches on the immune-related genes were carried out to explore the potential mechanism for the immunity adaption of cetaceans during their habitat transition (3, 52). At present, no consistent conclusion about the pathogenic pressure in aquatic habitat revealed by MHC polymorphism (53–55).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Divergent Evolution of TRC Genes in Mammalian Niche Adaptation

et al. 2019

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Mammals inhabit a wide variety of ecological niches, which in turn can be affected by various ecological factors, especially in relation to immunity. The canonical TRC repertoire ( TRAC, TRBC, TRGC , and TRDC ) codes C regions of T cell receptor chains that form the primary antigen receptors involved in the activation of cellular immunity. At present, little is known about the correlation between the evolution of mammalian TRC genes and ecological factors. In this study, four types canonical of TRC genes were identified from 37 mammalian species. Phylogenetic comparative methods (phyANOVA and PGLS) and selective pressure analyses among different groups of ecological factors (habitat, diet, and sociality) were carried out. The results showed that habitat was the major ecological factor shaping mammalian TRC repertoires. Specifically, trade-off between TRGC numbers and positive selection of TRAC and the balanced evolutionary rates between TRAC and TRDC genes were speculated as two main mechanisms in adaption to habitat and sociality. Overall, our study suggested divergent mechanisms for the evolution of TRCs, prompting mammalian immunity adaptions within diverse niches.

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“…To date, 13 TLRs have been recognized, including TLR1 through TLR13. However, human cells do not express the last 3 of them [58]. As shown in Fig.…”

Section: General Aspects Of Toll-like Receptor Signaling Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in cerebrovascular disorders: the impact of spreading depolarization

Ahmadabad

Ghadiri

Gorji

2020

J Neuroinflammation

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Cerebral vascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders that affect the blood supply to the brain and lead to the reduction of oxygen and glucose supply to the neurons and the supporting cells. Spreading depolarization (SD), a propagating wave of neuroglial depolarization, occurs in different CVDs. A growing amount of evidence suggests that the inflammatory responses following hypoxic-ischemic insults and after SD plays a double-edged role in brain tissue injury and clinical outcome; a beneficial effect in the acute phase and a destructive role in the late phase. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the activation of inflammatory cascades and subsequent neuroprotective or harmful effects after CVDs and SD. Here, we review current data regarding the pathophysiological role of TLR signaling pathways in different CVDs and discuss the role of SD in the potentiation of the inflammatory cascade in CVDs through the modulation of TLRs.

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Widespread positive selection on cetacean TLR extracellular domain

Cited by 22 publications

References 59 publications

The Mammalian Diving Response: Inroads to Its Neural Control

The Mammalian Diving Response: Inroads to Its Neural Control

Divergent Evolution of TRC Genes in Mammalian Niche Adaptation

The role of Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in cerebrovascular disorders: the impact of spreading depolarization

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