We
describe a method for addressing redox enzymes adsorbed on a
carbon electrode using synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy combined
with protein film electrochemistry. Redox enzymes have high turnover
frequencies, typically 10–1000 s–1, and therefore,
fast experimental triggers are needed in order to study subturnover
kinetics and identify the involvement of transient species important
to their catalytic mechanism. In an electrochemical experiment, this
equates to the use of microelectrodes to lower the electrochemical
cell constant and enable changes in potential to be applied very rapidly.
We use a biological cofactor, flavin mononucleotide, to demonstrate
the power of synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy relative to conventional
infrared methods and show that vibrational spectra with good signal-to-noise
ratios can be collected for adsorbed species with low surface coverages
on microelectrodes with a geometric area of 25 × 25 μm2. We then demonstrate the applicability of synchrotron infrared
microspectroscopy to adsorbed proteins by reporting potential-induced
changes in the flavin mononucleotide active site of a flavoenzyme.
The method we describe will allow time-resolved spectroscopic studies
of chemical and structural changes at redox sites within a variety
of proteins under precise electrochemical control.