Widefield choroidal vasculature associated with future condition of subretinal fluid in central serous chorioretinopathy

Sex Differences in Choroidal Vessels Using Novel Wide-Field Choroidal En-Face Images from Optical Coherence Tomography

“…26 Our study further supports the notion that quantitative measurements from wide-angle choroidal en-face images effectively capture sex differences in the choroid. These ndings have implications for understanding the choroidal involvement in pachychoroid-spectrum disorders and agerelated macular degeneration, as highlighted by Lee et al 27 and Kogo et al 23 The signi cant sex disparity in CSC incidence rates, especially among middle-aged men, 7 might be partly explained by choroidal structural differences identi ed in our analysis, offering insights into the disease mechanism.…”

“…The strength of en-face imaging lies in its ability to non-invasively visualize the choroidal structure across a wide area, enhancing our understanding of choroidal ndings. 21,23 Our study adopts this approach, utilizing the Bruch membrane to the chorioscleral boundary as the reference plane for generating en-face images of the entire choroid, achieving high reproducibility and consistent standards.…”

“…En-face images' reference lines were determined based on the Bruch membrane and chorioscleral interface. 14,23 Segmentation was initially performed automatically using the built-in software supported by arti cial intelligence (Xephilio OCT-S1; Canon Medical Systems Corporation), followed by manual correction of segmentation lines in all slices by two evaluators (NM and RF).…”

“…The detailed quanti cation method was reported previously. 31 Quanti cation of Choroidal En-face Images As reported previously, 21,23 we created en-face images of the entire planarized choroid using the Bruch membrane to the chorioscleral boundary as the reference plane. The resulting en-face images of the entire planarized choroid were produced as outputs of 1392×1392 pixel bitmap images (Fig.…”

“…[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]19 Recent advancements in optical coherence tomography (OCT) enable comprehensive imaging of the choroid, offering new insights into its vascular characteristics. 14,16,20,[21][22][23] This study aims to utilize wide-angle choroidal en-face images to compare choroidal structure between sexes in normal eyes, potentially shedding light on the pathophysiology of choroid-related diseases.…”