“…The Cartesian phase shifter can achieve a 360° phase shift by using the vector sum of four orthogonal signals of which amplitudes can be varied over a wide dynamic Even though the different distributed types of phase shifters like switched transmission lines [33]- [35], 90°-hybrid coupled lines [36]- [38], and periodic loaded lines [39]- [41] can achieve true time delay along the line sections, their physical sizes make them impractical for integration with multiple arrays in a commercial IC process, especially below K-band frequencies. The physical dimensions of phase shifters are reduced by the migrations from distributed networks to lumped-element configurations, such as synthetic transmission lines with varactors tuning [42]- [44], lumped hybrid-couplers with reflection loads [12], [22], [45] and the combined topologies of lumped low-pass filters and high-pass filters [46]- [48]. However, for fine phase quantization levels over wide operation bandwidth, the size of the lumped passive networks increases a lot, the main reason for which is the use of the various on-chip inductors, and is unsuitable for integrated phased array systems on a chip.…”