Why the Development of Internal Combustion Engines Is Still Necessary to Fight against Global Climate Change from the Perspective of Transportation

Serrano, José Ramón; Novella, Ricardo; Piqueras, Pedro

doi:10.3390/app9214597

Cited by 45 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…w texture,x 2 (3) described the height of the separating fluid film in terms of the distance and shape of the undeformed geometry, the elastic deformation, as well as the geometrical microtexture description. The load balance equation ensured the equilibrium of forces,…”

Section: Contact Mechanicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Approximately one-fifth of the fuel energy in passenger cars is used to overcome friction in engines, of which about 15% is consumed in the valve train (Holmberg et al [1]). According to many experts, for example, Kalghatgi [2] and Serrano et al [3], internal combustion engines (ICE) will not diminish in relevance worldwide even in times of increasing powertrain electrification. In addition, the obtained insights can also be transferred to other tribological rolling-sliding-contacts, for example, in the newly emerging field of electric vehicles (Farfan-Cabrera [4]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…based upon literature[41,42] 2. based upon measurements, see Section 3.1 3. conservative estimation compared to measurement results in Section 3.1.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

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On Friction Reduction by Surface Modifications in the TEHL Cam/Tappet-Contact-Experimental and Numerical Studies

2019

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The overall energy efficiency of machine elements and engine components could be improved by using new technologies such as surface modifications. In the literature, surface engineering approaches like micro-texturing and the application of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings were frequently studied separately, with focus on a specific model contact and lubrication conditions. The contribution of the current study is to elucidate and compare the underlying friction reduction mechanisms of the aforementioned surface modifications in an application-orientated manner. The study applied the operating conditions of the thermo-elastohydrodynamically lubricated (TEHL) cam/tappet-contact of the valve train. Therefore, tribological cam/bucket tappet component Stribeck tests were used to determine the friction behavior of ultrashort pulse laser fabricated microtextures and PVD/PECVD deposited silicon-doped amorphous carbon coatings. Moreover, advanced surface characterization methods, as well as numerical TEHL tribo-simulations, were utilized to explore the mechanisms responsible for the observed tribological effects. The results showed that the DLC-coating could reduce the solid and fluid friction force in a wide range of lubrication regimes. Conversely, micro-texturing may reduce solid friction while increasing the fraction of fluid friction.

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Section: Contact Mechanicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On Friction Reduction by Surface Modifications in the TEHL Cam/Tappet-Contact-Experimental and Numerical Studies

2019

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“…Increasingly tightened emission standards progressively reflect the societal demand for clean sustainable transport [1]. This process is making the optimization of the internal combustion engine not sufficient in meeting the new requirements and demanding a robust matching between engine and exhaust aftertreatment system (ATS) [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Driving Altitude and Ambient Temperature Impact on the Conversion Efficiency of Oxidation Catalysts

et al. 2021

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Worldwide emission standards are extending their requirements to cover engine operation under extreme ambient conditions and fill the gap between the type-approval and real driving conditions. The new ambient boundaries affect the engine performance and raw emissions as well as the efficiency of the exhaust aftertreatment systems. This study evaluates the impact of high altitude and low ambient temperature on the light-off temperature and conversion efficiency of an oxidation catalyst. The results are compared in a common range of exhaust mass flow and temperature with the baseline sea-level operation at 20 °C. A reduction of CO and HC conversion efficiencies was found at 2500 m and −7 °C, with a relevant increase of the light-off temperature for both of the pollutants. The analysis of the experimental data was complemented with the use of a catalyst model to identify the causes leading to the deterioration of the CO and HC light-off. The use of the model allowed for identifying, for the same exhaust mass flow and temperature, the contributions to the variation of conversion efficiency caused by the change in engine-out emissions and tailpipe pressure, which are, in turn, manifested in the variation of the reactants partial pressure and dwell time as governing parameters.

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“…New emission regulations applied to the ground transport in major countries are focused on the reduction of both greenhouse gases and pollutant emissions [1]. In the particular case of Europe, an agreement was reached to further reduce the exhaust CO 2 targets beyond 2020.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Pre-Turbine Small-Sized Oxidation Catalyst on Engine Performance and Emissions under Driving Conditions

et al. 2020

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The earlier activation of the catalytic converters in internal combustion engines is becoming highly challenging due to the reduction in exhaust gas temperature caused by the application of CO2 reduction technologies. In this context, the use of pre-turbine catalysts arises as a potential way to increase the conversion efficiency of the exhaust aftertreatment system. In this work, a small-sized oxidation catalyst consisting of a honeycomb thin-wall metallic substrate was placed upstream of the turbine to benefit from the higher temperature and pressure prior to the turbine expansion. The change in engine performance and emissions in comparison to the baseline configuration are analyzed under driving conditions. As an individual element, the pre-turbine catalyst contributed positively with a relevant increase in the overall CO and HC conversion efficiency. However, its placement produced secondary effects on the engine and baseline aftertreatment response. Although small-sized monoliths are advantageous to minimize the thermal inertia impact on the turbocharger lag, the catalyst cross-section is in trade-off with the additional pressure drop that the monolith causes. As a result, the higher exhaust manifold pressure in pre-turbine pre-catalyst configuration caused a fuel consumption increase higher than 3% while the engine-out CO and HC emissions did around 50%. These increments were not completely offset despite the high pre-turbine pre-catalyst conversion efficiency (>40%) because the partial abatement of the emissions in this device conditioned the performance of the close-coupled oxidation catalyst.

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Why the Development of Internal Combustion Engines Is Still Necessary to Fight against Global Climate Change from the Perspective of Transportation

Abstract: Internal combustion engines (ICE) are the main propulsion systems in road transport [...]

Cited by 45 publications

References 38 publications

On Friction Reduction by Surface Modifications in the TEHL Cam/Tappet-Contact-Experimental and Numerical Studies

On Friction Reduction by Surface Modifications in the TEHL Cam/Tappet-Contact-Experimental and Numerical Studies

Analysis of the Driving Altitude and Ambient Temperature Impact on the Conversion Efficiency of Oxidation Catalysts

Influence of Pre-Turbine Small-Sized Oxidation Catalyst on Engine Performance and Emissions under Driving Conditions

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