Why NBIC? Why human performance enhancement?

Expanding Ableism: Taking down the Ghettoization of Impact of Disability Studies Scholars

“…Broadening ableism allows disability studies scholars, other scholars and non-academics to investigate nearly every facet of social actions as they all have ability expectation components. Furthermore it allows us to not just look at what is wrong, as one often does in disability studies, but to be part of ability studies which is the study of how we, as individuals or social structures, come to favour certain abilities and how we make trade-offs between different abilities [23,24]. This opens up a whole new area of impact for everyone.…”

“…Still, ableism is not employed as an analytical tool to investigate other ‗isms' such as racism and sexism or in the context of non-body related abilities. I submit that ableism can be understood in a broader and more pervasive way than its original meaning and application [23,24]. Ableism is not limited to the discourse around abilities of the body and abilities of disabled people.…”

“…Furthermore ableism as such does not have to be negative -as it is used within the discourse around disabled people rights and disability studies-it just highlights that one favours certain abilities and sees them as essential. However ableisms can also be used to support negative actions and ‗isms' such as sexism and racism [23,24]. During the fight for voting rights in the beginning of the 20 th century women in various Western countries were for example told that (a) rationality is an important ability, and (b) that women do not possess rationality [21,22].…”

“…Some people cherish the ability to buy a car, some the ability to mountain climb, some the ability to perform academic work and others manual work [25]. Some societies are structured around GDP-ism (the ability to produce a GDP), efficiency, productivity and consumerism (the ability to consume) [23,24], others could be organized around equity and empathy or any set of abilities [26]. The list of abilities one can cherish is endless with new and different abilities appearing all the time.…”

Impact of Firms’ Cooperative Innovation Strategy on Technological Convergence Performance: The Case of Korea’s ICT Industry

“…However, it has recently become more important to measure and evaluate technological convergence output, as firms have continued to strengthen their technologies, knowledge, and competencies to sustainably develop through technological convergence. This enables a firm to expand its opportunities to interact with other firms, supplement its deficient assets, and explore new markets and technological alternatives [25][26][27].…”