Why is nitric oxide important for our brain?

Džoljić, Eleonora; Grbatinić, I; Kostić,

doi:10.11138/fneur/2015.30.3.159

Cited by 65 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Its main target is the soluble guanylate cyclase, which increases the intracellular levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate. A second action of NO is the production of a posttranslational modification of proteins by S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues [Bredt and Snyder, 1992;Dawson et al, 1998;Jaffrey et al, 2001;Bartus et al, 2013;Dzoljic et al, 2015;Raju et al, 2015;Bradley and Steinert, 2016]. In addition to nNOS, 2 other isoforms of this enzyme have been identified (endothelial and inducible) [Alderton et al, 2001], and the molecular structure of these isoforms is highly conserved throughout evolution [González-Domenech and Muñoz-Chapuli, 2010;Andreakis et al, 2011].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern of Nitrergic Neuronal System Organization in the Brain of Two Holostean Fishes (Actinopterygii: Ginglymodi)

et al. 2017

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The study of the nitrergic system, formed by the networks of neurons containing the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), has been extremely useful in unraveling neuroanatomical features of the organization of the central nervous system of vertebrates. Thus, data are available for representatives of most vertebrate classes and, in particular, several studies have detailed the organization of this system in teleosts. In contrast, no information is available regarding this neurotransmission system in the brains of holosteans, an early diverged and poorly understood group of actinopterygian fishes, currently considered a sister group of teleosts that contains only 8 species. The present study provides the first detailed information on the distribution of nitrergic cell bodies and fibers in 2 holostean species of the genus Lepisosteus, the spotted gar L. oculatus and the Florida gar L. platyrhincus. NOS immunohistochemistry and the NADPH diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemical reaction were used, and both techniques yielded identical results, with the exception of the primary olfactory and terminal nerve fibers, which only labeled for NADPH-d exclusively in L. oculatus. Double immunohistochemistry was conducted for the simultaneous detection of NOS with tyrosine hydroxylase, choline acetyltransferase, calbindin, calretinin, and serotonin to accurately establish the localization of the nitrergic neurons and fibers in the brain of holosteans, the neuroanatomy of which has been mostly neglected, and to assess possible interactions between these neuroactive substances. Distinct groups of nitrergic cells were located in subpallial areas, the basal hypothalamus, posterior tubercle, optic tectum and mesencephalic tegmentum, reticular formation, solitary tract nucleus, spinal cord, and amacrine cells in the retina. In addition, low numbers of nitrergic cells were observed in the pallium, suprachiasmatic nucleus, prethalamic and thalamic areas, torus lateralis and torus semicircularis, cerebellar and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei, and the ventral octavolateral area. Comparison of these results with those from other classes of vertebrates, and including a segmental analysis to correlate cell populations, reveals that the pattern of the nitrergic system in holosteans is very close to that in ancestral actinopterygian fishes and highlights conserved and derived traits.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern of Nitrergic Neuronal System Organization in the Brain of Two Holostean Fishes (Actinopterygii: Ginglymodi)

et al. 2017

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“…NO can act as a "double-edged sword". Whereas NO supports vascular homeostasis in the endotheliumdependent vasodilatation, its over-or underproduction is linked to pathological conditions [4].…”

Section: Implications Of Nitric Oxide Synthase In the Physiological Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NO can exist in distinct oxidation/reduction states and present dual biological actions as either a neuroprotective or a neurotoxic molecule [4]. Under physiological conditions, nNOS produces hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and superoxide (O 2…”

Section: Implications Of Nitric Oxide Synthase In the Pathological Cementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have demonstrated that NO, a freely diffusible gaseous compound, has an important role in a variety of neurobiological processes [4]. Numerous functions of this regulatory molecule have been identified in the CNS, in the process of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation [5][6][7][8], in neurotransmission [9,10], and in host-defense mechanisms [11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role of Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Function of the Central Nervous System under Normal and Infectious Conditions

Reis¹,

Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque²,

Maron‐Gutierrez³

et al. 2017

Nitric Oxide Synthase - Simple Enzyme-Complex Roles

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Nitric oxide (NO) was discovered as an endothelium-derived relaxing factor more than two decades ago. Since then, it has been shown to participate in many pathways. NO has been described as a key mediator of different pathways in the central nervous system (CNS) in both healthy and diseased processes. The three isoforms of nitric oxide synthase differ in their activity patterns and expression in different cells. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is localized in synaptic spines, astrocytes, and the loose connective tissue surrounding blood vessels in the brain; eNOS is present in both cerebral vascular endothelial cells and motor neurons; and iNOS is induced in astrocytes and microglia under pathological conditions. During physiological processes, NO produced by eNOS/nNOS, respectively, controls blood flow activation, and act as a messenger during long-term potentiation (LTP). However, under pathological conditions, eNOS appears to be impaired, leading to a reduction in blood flow and, consequently, low oxygen/metabolites delivery, efflux of toxicological agents from the brain tissue and disturbance in the blood-brain barrier. The NO produced by iNOS in glial cells and nNOS, which triggers the NMDA-excitotoxic pathway, combines with superoxide anion and results in peroxynitrite synthesis, a potent free radical that contributes to tissue damage in the brain. Here, we intend to show the controversial role of the nitric oxide delivered by the three isoforms of the nitric oxide synthase in the CNS, assess its impact under healthy/pathological conditions and speculate on its possible sequela, particularly in long-term cognitive decline.

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“…That freely diffusible gaseous secondary messenger can be a lifesaver or villain for neurological processes [11]. Thus, nNOS became as important as NO in the brain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Normal Brain Function and Pathophysiology of Neural Diseases

Dagdeviren¹

2017

Nitric Oxide Synthase - Simple Enzyme-Complex Roles

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Nitric oxide synthase has three isoforms; according to their roles and tissues or cells they are involved. Neuronal NOS (nNOS) takes place in neuronal signalling, endothelial NOS (eNOS) takes place in vasodilation and inducible NOS (iNOS) takes place in immune responses. nNOS and eNOS are dominant but all isoforms have various roles in the central nervous system. nNOS and eNOS separately or together works in healthy brain during cognitive processes and in unhealthy brain during the pathology of related diseases. These roles were shown by inhibitor applied or by transgenic animal model studies and also by investigating the diseases at the molecular level. Besides, it is possible to say that iNOS has roles in some neurological pathologies creating immune responses. Three different isoforms mainly serve in different systems so there are lots of researchers from various disciplines working collaterally not knowing the others related works about NOSs. Because of this, a comprehensive chapter will be valuable for neuroscientists working with either healthy or unhealthy brains. The purpose of this chapter is to gather an overview of NOSs duties during the normal processes of the brain like learning and memory formation and abnormal processes such as depression, schizophrenia and brain cancers.

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Why is nitric oxide important for our brain?

Cited by 65 publications

References 46 publications

Pattern of Nitrergic Neuronal System Organization in the Brain of Two Holostean Fishes (Actinopterygii: Ginglymodi)

Pattern of Nitrergic Neuronal System Organization in the Brain of Two Holostean Fishes (Actinopterygii: Ginglymodi)

Role of Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Function of the Central Nervous System under Normal and Infectious Conditions

Role of Nitric Oxide Synthase in Normal Brain Function and Pathophysiology of Neural Diseases

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