Why is grouper larval rearing difficult?: an approach from the development of the feeding apparatus in early stage larvae of the grouper,Epinephelus coioides

Rearing larvae of dusky grouper, <i>Epinephelus marginatus</i> (Lowe, 1834), (Pisces: Serranidae) in a semi-extensive mesocosm

“…the same feeding mode is reported by Kohno et al (1997) for Epinephelus coioides, and Yoseda et al (2008) suggests that leopard coral groupers (Plectropomus leopardus) are also visual feeders with food intake increasing with light intensity. although they are visual feeders, food preferences of dusky grouper larvae appear to be determined mostly by the encounter rate; the higher the abundance of endogenous prey and rotifers the higher the attrition of prey (table 2).…”

“…obtaining dusky grouper juveniles produced in aquaculture for stock enhancement is still a major challenge since newly hatched grouper larvae have mouth gapes that are too small for traditional live feeds and they have limited yolk reserves (Kohno et al, 1997;doi et al, 1997;glamuzina et al, 1998;tucker, 1999;spedicato and Boglione, 2000;toledo et al, 2002). Consequently, successful larval rearing depends not only on the availability of a nutritionally adequate food supply (Watanabe and Kiron, 1994;rainuzzo et al, 1997;Planas and Cunha, 1999) but also on the size of the prey, which need to be smaller than rotifers (<100 µm) (doi et al, 1997; glamuzina et al, 1998).…”

Molecular cloning and expression characterization of ApoC-I in the orange-spotted grouper

“…However, largescale seed production is still encountering many difficulties. Low survival rate of larval limited the amplification of grouper's mariculture (Kohno et al 1997;Wang 1997). Grouper larvae are poor feeders.…”

“…Grouper larvae are poor feeders. They are forced to shift to exogenous feeding at a small size because of their small endogenous energy reserves, and this may compromise their survival (Kohno et al 1997). Egg of the orange-spotted grouper contain a single, large oil globule, and the oil globule resorption occurs predominantly after hatching and mainly during the endo-exotrophic period of nutrition (Rønnestad et al 1992;Finn et al 1996).…”

EFFECT OF MICROALGAE ON GROWTH AND FATTY ACID PROFILES OF HARPACTICOID COPEPOD, Tisbe holothuriae

“…One reason why copepod nauplii might be nutritionally better than other live food sources is that they have high content of HUFA (highly unsaturated fatty acids), PUFA (poly unsaturated fatty acids), and other fatty acids needed to meet the nutritional requirements of a fish's early ontogeny (Witt et al, 1984). In fish hatcheries, copepod nauplii are preferred as the first live food for many fish species larvae such as gadoid larvae (Last, 1978), red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus (Rabalais et al, 1980), walleye Pollock, Theragra chalcogramma (Dagg et al, 1984), turbot (Witt et al, 1984), mahimahi, Coryphaena hippurus (Kraul, 1991), the cod, Gadus morhua (van der Meeren & Naess, 1993), gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata (Fernandez et al, 1994), halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Harboe et al, 1994), mangrove snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Doi et al, 1994), grouper, Epinephelus coioides (Kohno et al, 1997;Su et al, 1997), dhufish, Glaucosoma hebraicum and pink snapper, Pagrus auratus (Payne et al, 2001). Due to both high nutritional value and high abundance in natural waters, the use of copepods as live feed for larval fish in hatcheries should be encouraged and developed.…”