Why Have Chinese Diplomats Become So Aggressive?

Chang‐Liao, Nien‐chung

doi:10.1080/00396338.2022.2032997

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Huang (2022) argues that “wolf warrior” contains nationalist sentiment that provides mechanisms and conditions to bolster the CCP’s power. Chang-Liao (2022) echoes Huang’s argument, contending that the Chinese diplomats have to be “speaking global but thinking domestic” (p. 184). Therefore, the assertive rhetoric of the Chinese diplomats signals a performance to satisfy the domestic audience, including the top leadership Xi Jinping and nationalist senior officials (Chang-Liao, 2022).…”

Section: Digital Nationalism and Transmitted/mediated Diplomacymentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Other scholars associate “wolf warrior” diplomacy with China’s domestic nationalists (e.g., Ye, 2020; Wu, 2021; Huang, 2022; Chang-Liao, 2022; Sullivan & Wang, 2023). Huang (2022) argues that “wolf warrior” contains nationalist sentiment that provides mechanisms and conditions to bolster the CCP’s power.…”

Section: Digital Nationalism and Transmitted/mediated Diplomacymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chang-Liao (2022) echoes Huang's argument, contending that the Chinese diplomats have to be "speaking global but thinking domestic" (p. 184). Therefore, the assertive rhetoric of the Chinese diplomats signals a performance to satisfy the domestic audience, including the top leadership Xi Jinping and nationalist senior officials (Chang-Liao, 2022). Likewise, Martin (2021), while discussing the evolution and history of "wolf warrior" diplomacy, argues that Chinese diplomats need to speak and behave assertively to show loyalty and patriotism to their bureaucratic superiors.…”

Section: Digital Nationalism and Transmitted/mediated Diplomacymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Digital nationalism: How do the Chinese diplomats and digital public view “Wolf Warrior” diplomacy?

Chen

2023

Global Media and China

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The scholarship of “wolf warrior” diplomacy either studies the label under China’s digital diplomacy targeting the overseas audience or associates it with digital nationalism within China. However, we still know little about how “wolf warrior” is viewed by the Chinese diplomats and the Chinese digital public, respectively. This study identifies six moments when the Chinese diplomats publicly responded to the media question about the “wolf warrior” label. Through discourse analysis, this study finds that the Chinese diplomats defend and justify their assertive communication styles as counter-attacks to the Western attacks while refusing to recognize “wolf warrior” as the hallmark of China’s foreign policy. Meanwhile, by examining the most popular and representative user comments under Weibo posts featuring diplomatic responses, the study finds that most Chinese digital public exhibit varied nationalist sentiments, whereas some users defy the mainstream nationalist sentiment and challenge diplomatic assertiveness. This study shows more nuances in the interactions between the top-down and bottom-up nationalist approaches in China’s foreign policy. It suggests top-down state-driven forces’ essential but restrained role in shaping bottom-up nationalism.

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Section: Digital Nationalism and Transmitted/mediated Diplomacymentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Digital Nationalism and Transmitted/mediated Diplomacymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Digital Nationalism and Transmitted/mediated Diplomacymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Digital nationalism: How do the Chinese diplomats and digital public view “Wolf Warrior” diplomacy?

Chen

2023

Global Media and China

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The deterioration of Australia-China relations: what went wrong?

Lee,

Bruhl

2024

Australian Journal of International Affairs

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How China's Cognitive Warfare Works: A Frontline Perspective of Taiwan's Anti-Disinformation Wars

Tzu-Chieh¹,

Hung

2022

Journal of Global Security Studies

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Cognitive warfare—controlling others’ mental states and behaviors by manipulating environmental stimuli—is a significant and ever-evolving issue in global conflict and security, especially during the COVID-19 crisis. In this article, we aim to contribute to the field by proposing a two-dimensional framework to evaluate China's cognitive warfare and explore promising ways of counteracting it. We first define the problem by clarifying relevant concepts and then present a case study of China's attack on Taiwan. Next, based on predictive coding theory from the cognitive sciences, we offer a framework to explain how China's cognitive warfare works and to what extent it succeeds. We argue that this framework helps identify vulnerable targets and better explains some of the conflicting data in the literature. Finally, based on the framework, we predict China's strategy and discuss Taiwan's options in terms of cognitive and structural interventions.

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Why Have Chinese Diplomats Become So Aggressive?

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Digital nationalism: How do the Chinese diplomats and digital public view “Wolf Warrior” diplomacy?

Digital nationalism: How do the Chinese diplomats and digital public view “Wolf Warrior” diplomacy?

The deterioration of Australia-China relations: what went wrong?

How China's Cognitive Warfare Works: A Frontline Perspective of Taiwan's Anti-Disinformation Wars

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