Why expectations do or do not change after expectation violation: A comparison of seven models

Pinquart, Martin; Endres, Dominik; Teige‐Mocigemba, Sarah; Panitz, Christian; Schütz, Alexander C.

doi:10.1016/j.concog.2021.103086

Cited by 25 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…To this point, different theoretical frameworks have aimed to model and explain the processes and outcomes associated with expectation violations, that is, how individuals respond when their expectations are disconfirmed ( Pinquart et al, 2021a , for an overview). Among them, the model of Violated Expectations (ViolEx; Rief et al, 2015 ; Gollwitzer et al, 2018 ) focuses on the role of expectation violations in expectation change versus maintenance.…”

Section: The Violex Model – An Interdisciplinary Framework For Studying Expectation Update Versus Maintenance In the Context Of Expectatimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among them, the model of Violated Expectations (ViolEx; Rief et al, 2015 ; Gollwitzer et al, 2018 ) focuses on the role of expectation violations in expectation change versus maintenance. The ViolEx model has been one of the most complete and versatile models in the sense that it refers to all classes of cognitive processes and behavioral responses to expectation violations that have been discussed across the different theories ( Pinquart et al, 2021a ). More precisely, it postulates cognitive mechanisms of expectation change (accommodation), different cognitive mechanisms to minimize the impact of expectation violations on expectations (data-oriented and concept-oriented immunization), as well as behaviors to actively increase the probability of future expectation confirmation and decrease the probability of expectation violation (assimilation) ( Rief et al, 2015 ; Gollwitzer et al, 2018 ).…”

Section: The Violex Model – An Interdisciplinary Framework For Studying Expectation Update Versus Maintenance In the Context Of Expectatimentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Revised Framework for the Investigation of Expectation Update Versus Maintenance in the Context of Expectation Violations: The ViolEx 2.0 Model

et al. 2021

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Expectations are probabilistic beliefs about the future that shape and influence our perception, affect, cognition, and behavior in many contexts. This makes expectations a highly relevant concept across basic and applied psychological disciplines. When expectations are confirmed or violated, individuals can respond by either updating or maintaining their prior expectations in light of the new evidence. Moreover, proactive and reactive behavior can change the probability with which individuals encounter expectation confirmations or violations. The investigation of predictors and mechanisms underlying expectation update and maintenance has been approached from many research perspectives. However, in many instances there has been little exchange between different research fields. To further advance research on expectations and expectation violations, collaborative efforts across different disciplines in psychology, cognitive (neuro)science, and other life sciences are warranted. For fostering and facilitating such efforts, we introduce the ViolEx 2.0 model, a revised framework for interdisciplinary research on cognitive and behavioral mechanisms of expectation update and maintenance in the context of expectation violations. To support different goals and stages in interdisciplinary exchange, the ViolEx 2.0 model features three model levels with varying degrees of specificity in order to address questions about the research synopsis, central concepts, or functional processes and relationships, respectively. The framework can be applied to different research fields and has high potential for guiding collaborative research efforts in expectation research.

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Section: The Violex Model – An Interdisciplinary Framework For Studying Expectation Update Versus Maintenance In the Context Of Expectatimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Violex Model – An Interdisciplinary Framework For Studying Expectation Update Versus Maintenance In the Context Of Expectatimentioning

confidence: 99%

A Revised Framework for the Investigation of Expectation Update Versus Maintenance in the Context of Expectation Violations: The ViolEx 2.0 Model

et al. 2021

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show abstract

“…To this point, different theoretical frameworks have aimed to model and explain the processes and outcomes associated with expectation violations, that is, how individuals respond when their expectations are disconfirmed (Pinquart, Endres, et al, 2021, for an overview). Among them, the model of Violated Expectations (ViolEx; Gollwitzer et al, 2018;Rief et al, 2015) focuses on the role of expectation violations in expectation change versus maintenance.…”

Section: The Violex Model -An Interdisciplinary Framework For Studying Expectation Update Versus Maintenance In Context Of Expectation VImentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among them, the model of Violated Expectations (ViolEx; Gollwitzer et al, 2018;Rief et al, 2015) focuses on the role of expectation violations in expectation change versus maintenance. The ViolEx model has been one of the most complete and versatile models in the sense that it refers to all classes of cognitive processes and behavioural responses to expectation violations that have been discussed across the different theories (Pinquart, Endres, et al, 2021). More precisely, it postulates cognitive mechanisms of expectation change (accommodation), different cognitive mechanisms to minimize the impact of expectation violations on expectations (data-oriented and concept-oriented immunization) as well as behaviours to actively increase the probability of future expectation confirmation and decrease the probability of expectation violation (assimilation) (Gollwitzer et al, 2018;Rief et al, 2015).…”

Section: The Violex Model -An Interdisciplinary Framework For Studying Expectation Update Versus Maintenance In Context Of Expectation VImentioning

confidence: 99%

A revised framework for the investigation of expectation update versus maintenance in the context of expectation violations: the ViolEx 2.0 model

Panitz¹,

Endres²,

Buchholz³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Expectations are probabilistic beliefs about the future that shape and influence our perception, affect, cognition, and behaviour in many contexts. This makes expectations a highly relevant concept across basic and applied psychological disciplines. When expectations are confirmed or violated, individuals can respond by either updating or maintaining their prior expectations in light of the new evidence. Moreover, proactive and reactive behaviour can change the probability with which individuals encounter expectation confirmations or violations. The investigation of predictors and mechanisms underlying expectation update and maintenance has been approached from many research perspectives, however, in many instances with little exchange between different research fields. To further advance research on expectations and expectation violations, collaborative efforts across different disciplines in psychology, cognitive (neuro)science, and other life sciences are warranted. For fostering and facilitating such efforts, we introduce the ViolEx 2.0 model, a revised framework for interdisciplinary research on cognitive and behavioural mechanisms of expectation update and maintenance in the context of expectation violations. To support different goals and stages in interdisciplinary exchange, the ViolEx 2.0 model features three model levels with varying degrees of specificity in order to address questions about the research synopsis, central concepts, or functional processes and relationships, respectively. The framework can be applied to different research fields and has high potential for guiding collaborative research efforts in expectation research.

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“…A number of models have been developed that explain why expectations are maintained or change after experiencing expectation violations: the model of coping with disconfirmed expectations by Roese and Sherman (2007), expectancy violations theory (e.g., Afifi & Burgoon, 2000;Burgoon, 2016), the expectation-disconfirmation model of consumer satisfaction (e.g., Pieters et al, 1995), associative learning theory (e.g., Rescorla & Wagner, 1972), the meaning maintenance model (Proulx & Inzlicht, 2012), the predictive processing framework (e.g., Ransom et al, 2020), and the ViolEx model (Gollwitzer et al, 2018;Rief et al, 2015;Rief & Glombiewski, 2016). Three core coping processes that contribute to persistence versus change of expectations have been identified across these models: minimization of the importance of expectation-disconfirming evidence, search for/production of future expectation-confirming evidence, and expectation change (Pinquart et al, 2021). For example, according to the violated expectation (ViolEx) model, individuals may respond to expectation violations in three different ways (Gollwitzer et al, 2018;Rief & Glombiewski, 2016).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of Coping With Expectation Violation: An Integrative Review

Pinquart

Rothers

Gollwitzer

et al. 2021

Review of General Psychology

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The present review investigates factors that predict three processes that lead to persistence versus change of expectations after confrontation with expectation violations, based on the violated expectation (ViolEx) model and related models. We address four groups of predictors: (a) characteristics of the expectation, (b) characteristics of the expectation-violating event(s), (c) broader situational characteristics, and (d) personality characteristics. The bulk of studies conducted in this area looked at expectation change in the direction of the experienced violation (accommodation) as their central dependent variable. The strongest empirical support was found for accommodation being less likely and minimizing of the potential impact of the discrepant information (immunization) being more likely to occur (a) after the reality turns out to be worse rather than better than expected, (b) if disconfirming events are more ambiguous, and (c) if depressed rather than healthy people are confronted with better-than-expected events. Given the high heterogeneity between studies on assessed predictors, we recommend a more comprehensive and unifying approach that tests the relative impact and the interplay of the whole range of predictors across paradigms.

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Why expectations do or do not change after expectation violation: A comparison of seven models

Cited by 25 publications

References 34 publications

A Revised Framework for the Investigation of Expectation Update Versus Maintenance in the Context of Expectation Violations: The ViolEx 2.0 Model

A Revised Framework for the Investigation of Expectation Update Versus Maintenance in the Context of Expectation Violations: The ViolEx 2.0 Model

A revised framework for the investigation of expectation update versus maintenance in the context of expectation violations: the ViolEx 2.0 model

Predictors of Coping With Expectation Violation: An Integrative Review

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