Why Does the Neocortex Need the Cerebellum for Working Memory?

Stein, Heike

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0701-21.2021

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…This evidence is in line with the notion that cognitive and motor performances are inter-related, but does not elucidate the specific specialized processes underlying the different EF and motor skills relationships. In this regard, although much remains to be known, recent studies show that cerebellar cortex exhibits fine-scale functional specialization similar to the degree of specialization observed in cerebral cortex (Brissenden and Somers, 2019;Stein, 2021). So, different cortico-cerebellar networks may play highly specific functional roles in a broad range of cognitive processes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Teacher-Rated Executive Functions, Gender and Relative Age: Independent and Interactive Effects on Observed Fundamental Motor Skills in Kindergarteners

2022

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Fundamental motor skills (FMS) of children can be affected by different variables, such as executive functions (EF), gender and relative age. However, the effects of these variables on FMS have been scarce studied, especially in early childhood, and show inconsistent results. To clarify these relationships, this study was carried out. Its aim was to analyze whether EF, gender and relative age influenced FMS in 43 Spanish kindergarteners. A multimethod and mixed methods approach was used. Kindergarteners’ teachers completed the Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory to know the children level of EF (working memory and inhibition control). Kindergarteners’ parents complimented ad hoc questionnaire reporting the children gender and birth data (to know their relative age). A Nomothetic/Punctual/Multidimensional observational design was used to observe children FMS in their habitual motor sessions at school. Two-way ANOVAs were performed to know the independent and interactive effects of working memory level (lower/higher), inhibition control level (lower/higher), gender (boys/girls) and relative age (according to the birth semester in the year) on FMS. Results showed these variables have independent and interactive effects on some FMS, but not on others. FMS influenced by these variables vary depending what independent variable(s) is/are considered. Therefore, it can be concluded that the influences of teacher-rated EF, gender and relative age on observed FMS in kindergarteners are complex and specific. Results obtained must be taken into to design and implement instructional and intervention strategies, as well as educational and sport policy changes, especially in early childhood, when FMS are more malleable.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Teacher-Rated Executive Functions, Gender and Relative Age: Independent and Interactive Effects on Observed Fundamental Motor Skills in Kindergarteners

2022

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“…The hippocampus is connected by closed loops to not only neocortical areas but also to the cerebellum; as are the cerebellum and neocortex [ 99 , 100 ]. The cerebellum’s contribution to memory was traditionally considered limited to motor learning.…”

Section: Does Iteration Affect Cerebellum As Well As Neocortex?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies have also indicated a role for the cerebellum in both the perception and the action components of active memory [ 109 ]. As such, the perception-action cycle appears to be supported by distributed networks from neocortex to cerebellum, including Papez-architecture circuits that contribute both directly and indirectly [ 99 , 100 ].…”

Section: Does Iteration Affect Cerebellum As Well As Neocortex?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hippocampal theta-related output from HPC via the supramammillary nucleus, medial mammillary nucleus (MMM), and anterior thalamus (ATN) via pontine nuclei [ 139 ], impacts rate of learning [ 138 ]. Note that, in humans, “comparable delay and trace activation was measured in the cerebellum, whereas greater hippocampal activity was detected during trace compared with delay conditioning” [ 140 ] and there is good evidence for involvement of such cerebellar circuits in working memory generally [ 99 ].…”

Section: Connections Of Sum and Mb – Two Hierarchies Of Iterative Loopsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Construction of complex memories via parallel distributed cortical–subcortical iterative integration

McNaughton

Vann

2022

Trends in Neurosciences

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“…A prevalent feature in classical cerebellar theories is that the divergence provided by the granular layer enables better separation of its inputs 51 . This is particularly important for cases in which input activity shows little variance across conditions and the original task-related signal is only weakly encoded, for which a large dimensional expansion at the granular cell layer would help to recover the original task-related signal 52,53 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebellar-driven cortical dynamics enable task acquisition, switching and consolidation

Pemberton

Chadderton

Costa

2022

Preprint

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SummaryDuring task execution cortical dynamics must bridge sensory cues with future behavioural outcomes. However, how cortical networks acquire such task-specific dynamics remains unclear. Here we propose that the cerebellum drives cortical dynamics to enable rapid and flexible task acquisition. We model cerebellar networks that are tuned through timing rules to provide cortical networks with task-outcome predictions. First, using sensorimotor tasks we show that cerebellar feedback with fixed cortical connectivity is sufficient for rapid task acquisition and one-shot task switching. Next, we demonstrate that, when trained in working memory tasks, the cerebellum can also underlie the maintenance of cognitive-specific dynamics, explaining a range of optogenetic and behavioural observations. Finally, we use our model to introduce a systems consolidation theory in which task information is gradually transferred from the cerebellum to the cortex. In summary, our results suggest that cortico-cerebellar loops are critical for task acquisition, switching and consolidation in the brain.

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Why Does the Neocortex Need the Cerebellum for Working Memory?

Cited by 13 publications

References 33 publications

Teacher-Rated Executive Functions, Gender and Relative Age: Independent and Interactive Effects on Observed Fundamental Motor Skills in Kindergarteners

Teacher-Rated Executive Functions, Gender and Relative Age: Independent and Interactive Effects on Observed Fundamental Motor Skills in Kindergarteners

Construction of complex memories via parallel distributed cortical–subcortical iterative integration

Cerebellar-driven cortical dynamics enable task acquisition, switching and consolidation

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