Why does the magnitude of genotype‐by‐environment interaction vary?

Saltz, Julia B.; Bell, Alison M.; Flint, Jonathan; Gomulkiewicz, Richard; Hughes, Kimberly A.; Keagy, Jason

doi:10.1002/ece3.4128

Cited by 104 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Our observation that genetic variances within functional traits were influenced by treatment to a variable degree is in agreement with ubiquitous patterns found in genetic studies on diverse model systems (Saltz et al ). Typically, strong genotypic interactions like those in branching intensity complicate forecasting family‐specific trait responses to natural or artificial selection (Falconer and Mackay ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Seedling traits from root to shoot exhibit genetic diversity and distinct responses to environmental heterogeneity within a tree population

Salmela

Velmala

Nygren

2020

Oikos

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Phenotypic diversity within plant species is crucial to shaping evolutionary responses of populations and interactions among species, yet intraspecific genetic variability notably in roots has attracted little attention. Further, evidence for the root–shoot trait synchronisation remains inconclusive, narrowing our understanding of the role that belowground traits play in local adaptation. We applied broad ‘top‐to‐toe’ phenotyping to a model system whose native environmental conditions were simulated in experimental settings. Fifteen maternal families of Norway spruce Picea abies from southern Finland grew in six combinations of two simulated growing seasons and three soil treatments. We scored variation in 25 functional traits, including size, architecture and morphology of intact root systems, and shoot growth and phenology. Careful phenotyping of roots uncovered five trait dimensions, with root size, architecture and morphology forming the three largest axes of variation. Dimensions varied in their treatment responses. We observed among‐family differences in all trait dimensions, marking substantial within‐population genetic diversity. For example, average total root length varied almost twofold among families, but family × soil interactions indicated treatment‐specific estimates of genetic variance. Mirroring root traits, phenotypic plasticity and genetic variation characterised shoot growth and phenology. In all, the complete phenotypic dataset yielded six trait dimensions, with assorted measures of root system and shoot size composing the main axis of variation. Although plastic and genetically variable, root architecture and morphology were not associated with shoot growth in any treatment. Also phenology and root‐to‐shoot ratio were detached from the primary axis of trait variability. Our results demonstrate that complex within‐species patterns of trait covariation can be observed even locally and that phenotypic variation in independent trait dimensions reflecting divergent growth strategies is under genetic control. More accurate predictions of population and species responses to changes in the environment can be achieved when such intraspecific diversity is taken into account.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Seedling traits from root to shoot exhibit genetic diversity and distinct responses to environmental heterogeneity within a tree population

Salmela

Velmala

Nygren

2020

Oikos

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“…This relationship corresponds with a hypothesis advanced by Saltz et al. () that connects the evolution of trait environmental variance with greater G×E variance.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…Plant growth was the most labile trait with the highest environmental variance and the highest G×E interaction variance. This relationship corresponds with a hypothesis advanced by Saltz et al (2018) that connects the evolution of trait environmental variance with greater G×E variance.…”

Section: Relative Effects Of Environmental Factors and Trait Plastisupporting

confidence: 84%

Independent and interactive effects of plant genotype and environment on plant traits and insect herbivore performance: A meta‐analysis with Salicaceae

2018

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Ecological research has increasingly highlighted the importance of intraspecific variation in shaping the structure and function of communities and ecosystems. Indeed, the effects of intraspecific variation can match or exceed those of interspecific variation. Previous reviews of intraspecific variation in plant traits across heterogeneous environments have focused primarily on mean phenotypic effects. We propose that a richer and fuller understanding of the ecological causes and consequences of intraspecific variation would be provided by partitioning trait variance into its subcomponents (genetic, environment, genotype by environment interaction). We used a meta‐analysis of 352 sets of genetic, environment and genotype by environment (G×E) variation estimates from 72 studies of Salicaceae to compare these sources of variation across plant traits (growth, foliar nitrogen, defence compounds), insect herbivore performance metrics (e.g., survival, growth, fecundity) and environmental conditions (e.g., soil nutrients, water, defoliation). Our findings revealed that variation in levels of defence compounds (both condensed tannins and salicinoids) and insect herbivore performance were primarily genetically determined, while variation in plant growth and foliar nitrogen was more environmentally determined. Plasticity in plant growth, foliar nitrogen levels and insect herbivore performance varied substantially across different sites (year × location), and nutrient, water and carbon dioxide environments. Plasticity was lowest for chemical defence traits and all traits in contrasting ozone and defoliation environments. Our quantitative review also revealed several gaps in the literature, including a need for surveying more mature plants, a wider variety of insect herbivore species (e.g., leaf‐galling insects, specialist insects) and underrepresented environmental treatments (e.g., competition, defoliation, disease, light and water availability). Findings from this analysis highlight the importance of, and patterns within, intraspecific variation with respect to shaping the evolvability and plasticity of traits and governing the interactions of plants and insects. A http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.13249/suppinfo is available for this article.

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“…In contrast, predictive models integrating the effects of Vg and Ve are still lacking (Saltz et al. ). Here, we describe such a model, which uses information about phenotypic differences among genotypes before they are exposed to potentially informative experiences to predict how those genotypes will respond to a particular experience (i.e., GxE).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Especially since the advent of genome sequencing, researchers working to develop such predictions have focused on the V G "side" of the above equation, that is, by identifying causal variants and their molecular functions. In contrast, predictive models integrating the effects of Vg and Ve are still lacking (Saltz et al 2018). Here, we describe such a model, which uses information about phenotypic differences among genotypes before they are exposed to potentially informative experiences to predict how those genotypes will respond to a particular experience (i.e., GxE).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bayesian updating during development predicts genotypic differences in plasticity

et al. 2018

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Interactions between genotypes and environments are central to evolutionary genetics, but such interactions are typically described, rather than predicted from theory. Recent Bayesian models of development generate specific predictions about genotypic differences in developmental plasticity (changes in the value of a given trait as a result of a given experience) based on genotypic differences in the value of the trait that is expressed by naïve subjects. We used these models to make a priori predictions about the effects of an aversive olfactory conditioning regime on the response of Drosophila melanogaster larvae to the odor of ethyl acetate. As predicted, across 116 genotypes initial trait values were related to plasticity. Genotypes most strongly attracted to the odor of ethyl acetate when naïve reduced their attraction scores more as a result of the aversive training regime than those less attracted to the same odor when naïve. Thus, as predicted, the variance across genotypes in attraction scores was higher before than after the shared experience. These results support predictions generated by Bayesian models of development and indicate that such models can be successfully used to investigate how variation across genotypes in information derived from ancestors combines with personal experience to differentially affect developmental plasticity in response to specific types of experience.

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Why does the magnitude of genotype‐by‐environment interaction vary?

Cited by 104 publications

References 94 publications

Seedling traits from root to shoot exhibit genetic diversity and distinct responses to environmental heterogeneity within a tree population

Seedling traits from root to shoot exhibit genetic diversity and distinct responses to environmental heterogeneity within a tree population

Independent and interactive effects of plant genotype and environment on plant traits and insect herbivore performance: A meta‐analysis with Salicaceae

Bayesian updating during development predicts genotypic differences in plasticity

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