Why Does Social Exclusion Hurt? The Relationship Between Social and Physical Pain.

MacDonald, Geoff; Leary, Mark R.

doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.202

Cited by 1,241 publications

(1,075 citation statements)

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“…To be disliked or unknown by others, both conferring an invisibility status on oneself, is a painful phenomena (Eisenberger et al, 2003;MacDonald and Leary, 2005) that may contribute substantially to our willingness to conform to group norms that we know to be wrong (Asch, 1956;Williams et al, 2000). Although it can be argued that being known and liked by others is adaptive, the aspects of the human mind that promote these motives and how these motives are connected or separate from other mental processes are largely unknown.…”

Section: Social Motivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Principles, processes, and puzzles of social cognition: An introduction for the special issue on social cognitive neuroscience

Lieberman

2005

NeuroImage

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This article introduces the special issue of NeuroImage focused on social cognitive neuroscience. Social psychology has a rich history of making sense of the often paradoxical aspects of social cognition and the social world. This article reviews the principles, processes, and puzzles of social cognition and behavior that have been examined by social psychologists for decades. Five principles of social cognition and behavior are reviewed including: (1) the power of the situation over behavior, (2) blindness for situational influences, (3) social perception and self-perception are constructive processes, (4) blindness for the constructed nature of social and self-perception, and (5) self-processes are social. Four processes of social cognition are reviewed including: (1) cognitive architecture; (2) automaticity and control; (3) motivated reasoning; and (4) accessibility, frames, and expectations. Finally, five areas of social cognition that contain enduring puzzles are described including (1) the self, (2) attitudes, (3) reflective social cognition, (4) automatic social cognition, and (5) social motives. In several of the areas of study reviewed, cognitive neuroscience is well positioned to make important contributions to these research traditions either by allowing for new tests of hypotheses or by allowing for unobtrusive measurement of social cognitive processes. D

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Section: Social Motivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Principles, processes, and puzzles of social cognition: An introduction for the special issue on social cognitive neuroscience

Lieberman

2005

NeuroImage

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“…Theoretically, the perspective that exclusion or ostracism acts as a source of social pain (Eisenberger, 2012;MacDonald & Leary, 2005) is widely accepted. However, whilst acute exclusion has been experimentally linked to emotional distress (Williams, 2007), emotionally neutral responses have also been reported.…”

Section: Belonging and Mood Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benefits of belonging: Experimental manipulation of social inclusion to enhance psychological and physiological health parameters

Begen

Turner‐Cobb

2014

Psychology & Health

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ObjectiveAcute changes in social belonging are important triggers for alterations in health and wellbeing, yet research has emphasised the negative effects of 'exclusion' at the expense of evaluating the potentially positive effects of 'inclusion'. This study examined the impact of acute belonging on physiological and psychological outcomes. Design & Main Outcome MeasuresA healthy population (n=138) were randomly allocated to 'included' or 'excluded' task conditions. Condition-dependent differences in pre/during-task heart rate, and pre/post-task self-reports of negative/positive mood, and social self-esteem, were assessed. ResultsIncluded participants showed decreased heart-rate and negative mood, and increased social self-esteem. No inclusion-related increase in positive mood was shown. An increase in heart rate was observed in excluded participants. However, although excluded participants showed nominal increases in negative mood and decreases in positive mood, these changes were muted, suggesting a protective exclusion-related response. Likewise, no exclusion-related change in social self-esteem was shown. Shifts in social self-esteem acted as a mechanism through which inclusion/exclusion impacted upon negative and positive mood alterations.Results remained significant in presence of covariates (gender, global self-esteem, rumination, and social anxiety). ConclusionFindings suggest that acting to enhance belonging through 'inclusion' resulted in adaptive physiological and psychological outcomes.

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“…Excluded people rate others as less friendly and they like them less (Williams et al, 2002). Experiences of rejection motivate people to avoid potentially hurtful situations (MacDonald & Leary, 2005), including getting too close to others or investing trust (cf. Mikulincer, 1998).…”

Section: The Perception Of Concealment As a Signal Of Exclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Living Together Apart: Perceived Concealment as a Signal of Exclusion in Marital Relationships

Finkenauer

Kerkhof

Righetti

et al. 2009

Pers Soc Psychol Bull

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This article examines how perceiving concealment in close relationships influences marital well-being. It suggests that the perception of concealment from a partner signals separateness from one’s partner and contributes to feelings of perceived partner exclusion. These feelings of exclusion, in turn, should negatively affect relational quality. These predictions are tested in a prospective study among 199 newlywed couples. Results suggest that perceiving concealment reduced marital adjustment and trust and increased conflict over time. Importantly, change in perceived partner exclusion mediated these effects. This article demonstrates that the perception of concealment (a) has deleterious effects on relational well-being in the long run and (b) is harmful in part because it elicits feelings of exclusion.

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Why Does Social Exclusion Hurt? The Relationship Between Social and Physical Pain.

Cited by 1,241 publications

References 198 publications

Principles, processes, and puzzles of social cognition: An introduction for the special issue on social cognitive neuroscience

Principles, processes, and puzzles of social cognition: An introduction for the special issue on social cognitive neuroscience

Benefits of belonging: Experimental manipulation of social inclusion to enhance psychological and physiological health parameters

Living Together Apart: Perceived Concealment as a Signal of Exclusion in Marital Relationships

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