“…A number of papers have shown how standard deviations of equity portfolios can be reduced by diversification and how many randomly selected stocks are needed to eliminate idiosyncratic risks, starting with the by now famous Evans and Archer's () article, and followed by Benjelloun (), Bloomfield, Leftwich, and Long (), Campbell, Lettau, Malkiel, and Xu (), Domian, Louton, and Racine (), Elton and Gruber (), Statman (, ), and others. Suggested explanations for the underdiversification puzzle include preferences for lottery stocks (Barberis & Huang, ), margin and borrowing restrictions (Roche, Tompaidis, & Yang, ), solvency constraints (Liu, ), financial literacy (von Gaudecker, ), and other channels. But how large are the aggregate costs retail investors suffer from underdiversification?…”