Why do words jump? An exploration of visually symptomatic readers

Northway, Nadia

doi:10.22599/bioj.48

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(85 reference statements)

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“…Since there are a significant number of dyslexics who do not exhibit any phonological problems at all, a phonological deficit is not a necessary condition for dyslexia [23,24]. The phonological theory ignores the many children with dyslexia who complain of visual problems, in their difficulty to see printed words correctly [5,[25][26][27]. Furthermore, word reading skills did not differ for those who completed an auditory intervention two years earlier, when compared with controls who had no auditory intervention [28], showing that improvements in phonological processing degrade over time.…”

Section: What Is the Underlying Problem In Dyslexia?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing visual timing by movement discrimination exercises improves reading fluency, attention span, and memory retention in dyslexics

Lawton¹

2019

Neuro Neurosurg

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Background:There is an ongoing debate about whether the cause of dyslexia (reading problems) is based on linguistic, auditory, or visual timing deficits.Objectives: This review of the relevant research provides substantial evidence that visual movement-discrimination can be used to detect and remediate reading problems in all types of dyslexia. What emerges from multiple studies is the essential role for dorsal stream function in facilitating reading fluency, selective and sustained attention, and working memory in both dyslexic and typically developing students between the ages of 6-8 years old.Methods: Specifically, training visual dorsal stream function on discriminating the direction of a dim test pattern (< 2% contrast) moving relative to a stationary textured background pattern is the key to facilitate reading acquisition in dyslexics and those at risk for reading problems.Results: Visual movement-discrimination training improves reading, attention, and working memory through the hypothetical increase in temporal precision and neuronal sensitivity of magnocellular neurons relative to linked parvocellular neurons in the dorsal stream.Conclusions: This research shows that visual movement figure/ground discrimination can be used not only to diagnose all types of dyslexia, but also to successfully remediate dyslexia. The results argue that a shift from phonologically-based to visually-based methods is indicated for the treatment of dyslexia.

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Section: What Is the Underlying Problem In Dyslexia?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing visual timing by movement discrimination exercises improves reading fluency, attention span, and memory retention in dyslexics

Lawton¹

2019

Neuro Neurosurg

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“…Our complimentary tests that check for amblyopia risk factors also have the added benefit of detecting binocular vision problems. Arguably, this is a controversial area, but there are publications discussing the detrimental effects on reading and learning abilities in children with uncorrected refractive error and undetected binocular vision problems (Northway 2012;Northway 2013;Leat 2011;Bruce et al 2018;Christian et al 2018;Scott et al 2002). Undetected binocular vision anomalies can have a lasting life long impact (Northway and Dutton 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This comprehensive service detects amblyopia and its risk factors (refractive error and strabismus), which is the most common vision deficit in children in the UK (Tailor et al 2016). It also detects muscle imbalance and binocular vision abnormalities, which if left undetected could potentially impact the child's educational abilities and affect them into adulthood (Northway 2012;Northway 2013;Leat 2011;Christian et al 2018;Scott et al 2002;Northway and Dutton 2009). Maintaining a high coverage is vital for capturing those children in more vulnerable backgrounds who are at higher risk of having visual defects (O'Colmain et al 2016;Williams et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scottish Pre-School Vision Screening – First 3 Years of National Data

Pentland

Patel

2020

British and Irish Orthoptic Journal

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Introduction: Pre-school orthoptic vision screening (POVS) was implemented by the Scottish government and is a standardised assessment to promote early detection of visual problems in children. The target conditions are amblyopia, refractive errors and strabismus. We present the preliminary findings for the first three years of the screening program. Methods: The data from POVS was collected retrospectively. The data includes screening years 2013 to 2016 inclusive. Data was collected from each health board in Scotland. We report the coverage, referral rate, true positives and positive predictive values. Results: A total of 167,962 children were due to have vision screening over the 3 screening years included in this paper. This figure does not include the children that opted out of the eye test (mean opt-out rate 1.8%) and children that already attend the hospital eye service (mean already attend rate 3.1%). The POVS program had a mean coverage of 85.5%, ranging from 63.7% to 94.8% between health boards. Over the 3 year screening period, the mean referral rate was found to be 17.9%. The mean true positive rate was 88.9%, and the mean positive predictive value was 86.9%. Conclusion: The Scottish data set on pre-school orthoptic vision screening has shown excellent mean coverage. A consistently high true positive rate over the three screening years demonstrates it is a sensitive screening program, which is essential for the detection of visual problems in children.

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