We match administrative panel data on portfolio choices with survey measures of nancial literacy. When we control for portfolio risk, the most literate households experience 0.4% higher annual returns than the least literate households. Distinct portfolio dynamics are the key determinant of this di erence. More literate households hold riskier positions when expected returns are higher. They more actively rebalance their portfolios and do so in a way that holds their risk exposure relatively constant over time. They are more likely to buy assets that provide higher returns than the assets that they sell.I thank the editor and an anonymous referee for very detailed and constructive comments as well as Bruno Biais, Alexander Guembel, S ebastien Pouget, Jean-Marc Tallon for very useful discussions. I also thank Henri Luomaranta for excellent research assistance and AXA, Amundi and SCOR Research Funds for nancial support. I have no relevant or material nancial interests that relate to the research described in this paper.