“…Within the context of live streaming, tipping behavior has been explained from several perspectives. On the one hand, prior studies identified the demographic, psychographic and content-specific antecedents, such as self-identity and social distance (Hu et al, 2017;Zhou et al, 2019aZhou et al, , 2019b, audience gender (Todd and Melancon, 2018;Zhang et al, 2022), connectedness (Hilvert-Bruce et al, 2018), content types (Chen and Lin, 2018;He et al, 2021aHe et al, , 2021b and broadcaster characteristics (Muda and Hamzah, 2021;Hou et al, 2020). On the other hand, researchers took a close look at consumers' interactive experience.…”