Why are western diet and western lifestyle pro-inflammatory risk factors of celiac disease?

Abstract

The prevalence of celiac disease increased in recent years. In addition to the genetic and immunological factors, it appears that environmental determinants are also involved in the pathophysiology of celiac disease. Gastrointestinal infections impact the development of celiac disease. Current research does not directly confirm the protective effect of natural childbirth and breastfeeding on celiac disease. However, it seems that in genetically predisposed children, the amount of gluten introduced into the diet may have an impact on celiac disease development. Also western lifestyle, including western dietary patterns high in fat, sugar, and gliadin, potentially may increase the risk of celiac disease due to changes in intestinal microbiota, intestinal permeability, or mucosal inflammation. Further research is needed to expand the knowledge of the relationship between environmental factors and the development of celiac disease to define evidence-based preventive interventions against the development of celiac disease. The manuscript summarizes current knowledge on factors predisposing to the development of celiac disease including factors associated with the western lifestyle.

Associations of dietary patterns between age 9 and 24 months with risk of celiac disease autoimmunity and celiac disease among children at increased risk

“…This was in line with an Italian study in which a more Western-like diet with higher intakes of wheat and juice and lower intakes of legumes and milk in the second year of life were demonstrated in children later diagnosed with celiac disease [ 4 ]. A Western diet and lifestyle have been hypothesized to be involved in the pathophysiology of celiac disease via adverse effects on the intestinal microbiota and immune system [ 31 ], and together with the observations of this study, it thus warrants further investigation. Conversely, our findings overlap with a previous study in which a “prudent” dietary pattern after weaning, higher in potatoes, oats, rice, and meat, demonstrated a lower risk of CDA [ 15 ].…”

Dietary Inflammatory Potential in Pediatric Diseases: A Narrative Review

“…Although there is currently a limited understanding of the correlation between the WD and CeD, there are potential causal links indicating that the WD may be involved in CeD pathogenesis by inducing mucosal inflammation, increasing intestinal permeability, and altering the gut microbiota, ultimately leading to endotoxemia [176].…”

HLA-Haplotypes Influence Microbiota Structure in Northwestern Mexican Schoolchildren Predisposed for Celiac Disease or Type 1 Diabetes

“…Interestingly, most of the environmental factors related to CD and T1D development have an impact on the gut microbiota. For example, diet is a well-known modulator of the microbiota, and it has been described as a risk factor for autoimmunity [ 2 , 3 ]. Moreover, intestinal parasites influence gut microbiota composition in children with CD or T1D autoimmunity [ 4 ].…”