Abstract:Examinations of international water treaties suggest that riparian states are not heeding the advice to adopt IWRM. Theories suggest that the larger the number of negotiating states, the lower the cost (per state) of the joint operation of treaties, but the higher the transaction costs of negotiating and maintaining them. We model the trade-off between benefits and costs associated with the number of treaty signatories and apply it to a global treaty dataset. Findings confirm that the transaction costs of nego… Show more
“…One of the obvious observations highlighted by many researchers is why there are so few agreements on international water. To answer such question, [84] developed an economic-political framework to explain the likelihood of treaty formation in international river basins with a different number of riparian states. They used the interaction between the transaction cost theory, and the economies and diseconomies of scale theory to explain the likelihood of expanding a coalition of collaborator states in a large basin.…”
Section: Management Of Internationally Shared Watermentioning
The field of water management is continually changing. Water has been subject to external shocks in the form of climate change and globalization. Analysis of water management is subject to disciplinary developments and inter-disciplinary interactions. Are these developments well documented in the literature? Initial observations on interdisciplinary literature suggest that results are fragmented, implying that a state-of-the-art review is needed. The objective of this paper is to close this gap by reviewing recent developments in water economics that address the increasing perceptions of water scarcity by looking first at changes in supply and quality of water, and then at impacts of climate change on water extremes. Among responses to such challenges, the paper identifies changes to water use patterns by including and co-managing water from different sources—surface and groundwater, wastewater, and desalinated water. Technological advancements also are among the resources that address water challenges. Water challenges reflect also on management of internationally shared water. A recent surge in scientific work identified international treaties as playing a significant role in water management. The paper reviews recently employed economic tools, such as experimental economics, game theory, institutional economics, and valuation methods. And finally, it explores modeling approaches, including hydro-economic and computable general equilibrium models that are being used to deal with water challenges.
“…One of the obvious observations highlighted by many researchers is why there are so few agreements on international water. To answer such question, [84] developed an economic-political framework to explain the likelihood of treaty formation in international river basins with a different number of riparian states. They used the interaction between the transaction cost theory, and the economies and diseconomies of scale theory to explain the likelihood of expanding a coalition of collaborator states in a large basin.…”
Section: Management Of Internationally Shared Watermentioning
The field of water management is continually changing. Water has been subject to external shocks in the form of climate change and globalization. Analysis of water management is subject to disciplinary developments and inter-disciplinary interactions. Are these developments well documented in the literature? Initial observations on interdisciplinary literature suggest that results are fragmented, implying that a state-of-the-art review is needed. The objective of this paper is to close this gap by reviewing recent developments in water economics that address the increasing perceptions of water scarcity by looking first at changes in supply and quality of water, and then at impacts of climate change on water extremes. Among responses to such challenges, the paper identifies changes to water use patterns by including and co-managing water from different sources—surface and groundwater, wastewater, and desalinated water. Technological advancements also are among the resources that address water challenges. Water challenges reflect also on management of internationally shared water. A recent surge in scientific work identified international treaties as playing a significant role in water management. The paper reviews recently employed economic tools, such as experimental economics, game theory, institutional economics, and valuation methods. And finally, it explores modeling approaches, including hydro-economic and computable general equilibrium models that are being used to deal with water challenges.
“…The model exchanges between advantages and expenses related to the quantity of bargain signatories and apply it to a worldwide settlement informational index. Discoveries affirm that the exchange expenses of arrangement and the economies of scale are significant in deciding the scarcity of bowl wide understandings, the bargains' substance, and their degree [40]. "Pakistan's Water Economy: Running Dry", a notable study [41] by the World Bank received global attention on the Indus Basin Water Resources issues.…”
Water is vital and an essential entity directly and indirectly for all living creatures from their birth, whereas electrical energy has a dominant role in the growth of society in general and for human beings in particular. Optimal use of water and production of electrical energy at minimum cost are potential research challenges. Hydraulic energy is one of the cheapest and the most exploited renewable energy resource for power generation worldwide, and is in line with the seventh United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 7). The Indus basin is a trans-boundary basin, and its modeling has been a source of interest for scientists and policymakers. Indus Basin Model Revised (IBMR) has many variants, all focusing on optimal use of water for irrigation purposes. In this paper, the modified IBMR model is proposed addressing both agriculture and power generation aspects simultaneously. This model optimizes the Consumer Producer Surplus (CPS) by considering different water inflow probabilities. A parameter has been introduced in the modified objective function to manipulate the supply of water to agriculture and hydropower generation. The proposed model has been implemented in Generic Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) and case studies have been investigated in presence and absence of power generation. The results obtained show that, with incorporation of hydropower, basin wide income is increased up to 11.83% using 50% exceedance probability, and results are in agreement with reference power generation estimated by National Transmission and Dispatch Company (NTDC). The SDG 7 targets ensure the reasonable, dependable, sustainable and contemporary energy access to all. The current research is focusing on how Pakistan would achieve the SDG 7 targets. By 2040, it is anticipated that Pakistan’s energy mix will have around 40% of hydropower and 16% of renewable energy.
“…Understanding transboundary waters by conflict and cooperation has been a dominant approach embraced by many scholars in different disciplines (Wolf et al, 2003;Yoffe et al, 2003;De Stefano et al, 2010;Zawahri, 2008;Gleick, 1998). A large and growing body of literature has attempted to explore factors that are potentially conductive to conflict, considering issues such as water scarcity (Dinar, 2009), climate change (Gleditsch, 2012;Nordås and Gleditsch, 2007;Raleigh and Kniveton, 2012), water quality (Wolf et al, 2005), and the role of transboundary treaties/river basin organizations (Song and Whittington, 2004;Dinar et al, 2019;Berardo and Gerlak, 2012;Zawahri and Mitchell, 2011); while others have explored cooperation management, focusing on scenario-based analysis of the distribution of benefits from cooperation, and benefit-sharing mechanisms as pivotal role in motivating cooperation (Hogarth and Dinar, 2015;Madani, 2010). Recently, conflict and cooperative dynamics in transboundary https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-390 Preprint.…”
Abstract. Riparian countries have their respective values and priorities for water management, and their values of shared water often has possible impacts for their propensity to involve in cooperative management and adhere to treaties/agreements. Improving transboundary water management therefore firstly requires nuance understanding of the changing values and interests of each riparian country to better understand factors that encourage and discourage changes toward cooperation or conflict. This paper provides understanding of the evolution of conflict and cooperation dynamics in Lancang-Mekong River Basin with in-depth analysis of the perspectives of multiple countries. Newspaper articles were used as a key data source as it provides insights into events reported on by the media that are representative of each country/sector they are published within. The results depict a continual trend of cooperative sentiments towards water events occurring within the region. The six riparian states have had a greater average sentiment score for cooperation than international countries for the majority of the study period showing that the region perceived transboundary water management more positively than global audiences. Except for few outliers, the trend also shows that countries further downstream showed lower cooperative sentiments. Dam infrastructure was often negatively reported, thus, it is likely a major contributor to conflict for the Lancang-Mekong River Basin, while events that are positively reported are those that aid in connecting leaders and project developers between riparian countries including meetings, bilateral and multilateral cooperation and development projects. These findings provide the basis for further revealing the mechanism of cooperation and conflicts through understanding these inherent and diverse perspectives of each riparian country, we can gain an insight into the underlying interests that create conflictive or cooperative environments and ultimately predict and manage cooperation/conflict in transboundary rivers.
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