Why are neurotransmitters neurotoxic? An evolutionary perspective

Harris, Keith D.; Weiss, Meital; Zahavi, Alon

doi:10.12688/f1000research.4828.2

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 84 publications

(93 reference statements)

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“…The results of the neurotransmitters analysis show improvement in levels of the DOPAC, dopamine, norepinephrine, PEA, serotonin, and taurine, all having a 0.2 -0.3 impact, which would categorize as a small effect according to Cohen's method (see Table 1, Table 2 and Figure 1). This effect of reduction in excitatory neurotransmitter levels results in a decrease of inflammation in the neurological system, as well the reduction of neurodegenerative tendencies and positive tendency of restoration of nerve cell, which is similar to the findings of other authors [68] [69]. For instance, if serotonin as one of the modulators for glutamate causes significantly high level of glutamate, this could result in nerve dam-age or its death [70] [71].…”

Section: Study Groupsupporting

confidence: 86%

The Effect of the MNRI Method on Neurotransmitter Biomarkers of Individuals with Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Bell¹,

Whitney²,

Deiss³

et al. 2019

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Introduction: The MNRI (Masgutova Neurosensorimotor Reflex Integration) method was developed in 1989 in Russia and has spread worldwide to treat individuals with certain types reflex development deficits, behavior disorders, disorders of speech or language development, and learning disabilities. MNRI is based on techniques called "repatterning" or remodulation, meaning re-education, recoding the reflex nerve pathways specific for dynamic and postural reflex schemes. Objectives: Repatterning activates the extra pyramidal nervous system responsible for automatic mechanisms and processes, the extension of links between neurons, the growth of neural nets, myelination, and the creation of new nerve routing. This potential result was tested utilizing urinary measurements of the following neurotransmitters:

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Section: Study Groupsupporting

confidence: 86%

The Effect of the MNRI Method on Neurotransmitter Biomarkers of Individuals with Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Bell¹,

Whitney²,

Deiss³

et al. 2019

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“…The concepts of signaling and honesty or reliability are thus directly applicable to the questions of the evolutionary origins and role of pain. Harris et al (2014) invoked the idea of intra-individual costly signaling as an explanation for the otherwise puzzling neurotoxicity of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system: "In the CNS [central nervous system], minor changes in the concentration of neurotransmitters such as glutamate or dopamine can lead to neurodegenerative diseases. We present an evolutionary perspective on the function of neurotransmitter toxicity in the CNS.…”

Section: The Conceptual Framework: Honest Signalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A possible evolutionary function of phenomenal conscious experience of pain

Kolodny¹,

Moyal²,

Edelman³

2021

Preprint

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Evolutionary accounts of feelings, and in particular of negative affect and of pain, assume that creaturesthat feel and care about the outcomes of their behavior outperform those that do not in terms of theirevolutionary fitness. Such accounts, however, can only work if feelings can be shown to contribute tofitness-influencing outcomes. Simply assuming that a learner that feels and cares about outcomes is morestrongly motivated than one that doesn’t is not enough, if only because motivation can be tied directly tooutcomes by incorporating an appropriate reward function, without leaving any apparent role to feelings(as it is done in state-of-the-art engineered systems based on reinforcement learning). Here, we proposea possible mechanism whereby feelings contribute to fitness: an actor-critic functional architecture forreinforcement learning, in which feelings reflect costs and gains that promote effective actor selectionand help the system optimize learning and future behavior.

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“…Could non-neural somatic tissues be performing information-processing tasks by exploiting ion flows, albeit in different ways and on different timescales than brains? While developmental biologists are not yet used to thinking of non-neural tissues making decisions, the emerging field of primitive cognition [67,68] and the recent data on the phylogeny of ion channel and neurotransmitter signals [69][70][71] have highlighted the fact that brains did not invent their tricks de novo -the basic machinery of bioelectrical computation (Fig. 2A′) was present very early on in evolution and is ubiquitous in animal, plant, and fungal bodies.…”

Section: Prediction 1: Ion Channels and Voltage Gradients Are Involved In Planarian Patterningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Planarian regeneration as a model of anatomical homeostasis: Recent progress in biophysical and computational approaches

Levin

Pietak

Bischof

2019

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology

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Planarian behavior, physiology, and pattern control offer profound lessons for regenerative medicine, evolutionary biology, morphogenetic engineering, robotics, and unconventional computation. Despite recent advances in the molecular genetics of stem cell differentiation, this model organism's remarkable anatomical homeostasis provokes us with truly fundamental puzzles about the origin of large-scale shape and its relationship to the genome. In this review article, we first highlight several deep mysteries about planarian regeneration in the context of the current paradigm in this field. We then review recent progress in understanding of the physiological control of an endogenous, bioelectric pattern memory that guides regeneration, and how modulating this memory can permanently alter the flatworm's target morphology. Finally, we focus on computational approaches that complement reductive pathway analysis with synthetic, systems-level understanding of morphological decision-making. We analyze existing models of planarian pattern control and highlight recent successes and remaining knowledge gaps in this interdisciplinary frontier field.

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Why are neurotransmitters neurotoxic? An evolutionary perspective

Cited by 16 publications

References 84 publications

The Effect of the MNRI Method on Neurotransmitter Biomarkers of Individuals with Neurodevelopmental Disorders

The Effect of the MNRI Method on Neurotransmitter Biomarkers of Individuals with Neurodevelopmental Disorders

A possible evolutionary function of phenomenal conscious experience of pain

Planarian regeneration as a model of anatomical homeostasis: Recent progress in biophysical and computational approaches

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