Why are antibiotic resistance genes so resistant to elimination?

Salyers, Abigail A.; Amábile-Cuevas, Carlos F.

doi:10.1128/aac.41.11.2321

Cited by 315 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Usually, antibiotic resistance bacteria and genes emerge in environments under the selection pressure from antibiotics. However, ARGs cannot be easily removed from polluted areas, even after the antibiotics have disappeared (Salyers and Amabile-Cuevas 1997;Aminov and Mackie 2007). The environmental fates of ARGs and integrons have seldom been reported, and more attention needs to be paid to the effects of physicochemical Table 3 Abundance of intI1, tetA and tetC in a sewage treatment plant (STP) and two biofilters (BIOF) normalized to sample volume (copies ml -1 sample) and DNA mass (copies ng -1…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Class 1 integronase gene and tetracycline resistance genes tetA and tetC in different water environments of Jiangsu Province, China

Zhang

et al. 2009

Ecotoxicology

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Class 1 integronase gene (intI1) and tetracycline resistance genes (tetA and tetC) from various environmental sites in Jiangsu Province (China) were detected using qualitative PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and quantified with SYBR Green-based qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time PCR) in this study. Qualitative PCR assays demonstrated that intI1, tetA and tetC occurred in the water environments of Taihu Lake, the Nanjing section of the Yangtze River, a sewage treatment plant (STP) in Nanjing City, and two drinking water treating bioreactors. qRT-PCR results showed that abundance of intI1 in lake water and sediments was lower than the tet genes, for a given sample site and date (P < 0.05). On a volumetric basis, lake sediments contained higher concentrations of the three genes by four to five orders of magnitude than water samples, and lake water and sediments sampled in April contained fewer copies of all the genes than the samples collected in June and August (P < 0.05). The levels of intI1, tetA and tetC in the Yangtze River water increased significantly after the river flowed through Nanjing City (P < 0.05). 94.1% integron, 97.2% tetA and 98.3% tetC were removed by the activated sludge process in the STP, and more than 80% of each gene was removed in both of the two biofilters in terms of relative concentration based on sample volume. However, on the basis of DNA mass, lower removals were obtained for both the activated sludge and biofiltration processes.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Class 1 integronase gene and tetracycline resistance genes tetA and tetC in different water environments of Jiangsu Province, China

Zhang

et al. 2009

Ecotoxicology

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“…These initial Wndings suggest that Ag + resistance might exist widely but is not known in the absence of a ready means of testing. A wide distribution of sil-homologous determinants localized on plasmids and on the bacterial chromosome might pose a threat toward eVective use of silver compounds as biocides, analogous to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria when antibiotic usage increases indiscriminately [40,51].…”

Section: Microbial Silver Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Silver as biocides in burn and wound dressings and bacterial resistance to silver compounds

Silver¹,

Phung²,

Silver³

2006

J IND MICROBIOL BIOTECHNOL

651

450

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Silver products have been used for thousands of years for their beneficial effects, often for hygiene and in more recent years as antimicrobials on wounds from burns, trauma, and diabetic ulcers. Silver sulfadiazine creams (Silvazine and Flamazine) are topical ointments that are marketed globally. In recent years, a range of wound dressings with slow-release Ag compounds have been introduced, including Acticoat, Actisorb Silver, Silverlon, and others. While these are generally accepted as useful for control of bacterial infections (and also against fungi and viruses), key issues remain, including importantly the relative efficacy of different silver products for wound and burn uses and the existence of microbes that are resistant to Ag+. These are beneficial products needing further study, although each has drawbacks. The genes (and proteins) involved in bacterial resistance to Ag have been defined and studied in recent years.

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“…Plasmids and transposons can cooperate to produce the rapid transmission and persistence of resistance genes, even after antibiotics are withdrawn. On this process, see Salyers and Amabile-Cuevas (1997). 14 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/16/AR2007101601392_pf.html.…”

Section: The Biology Of Resistancementioning

confidence: 98%

Harm to Others: The Social Cost of Antibiotics in Agriculture

Anomaly

2009

J Agric Environ Ethics

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It has become increasingly clear that the use of antibiotics in conventionally raised livestock contributes to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this paper, I argue that the harm principle of classical liberalism should guide agricultural policy in general, and the regulation of antibiotics in livestock in particular. After developing an interpretation of the harm principle, and framing the choice to produce and consume animals treated with antibiotics as a classic prisoner's dilemma, I consider some policy responses to the problem, including a ban on the non-therapeutic use of antibiotics.

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Why are antibiotic resistance genes so resistant to elimination?

Cited by 315 publications

References 24 publications

Class 1 integronase gene and tetracycline resistance genes tetA and tetC in different water environments of Jiangsu Province, China

Class 1 integronase gene and tetracycline resistance genes tetA and tetC in different water environments of Jiangsu Province, China

Silver as biocides in burn and wound dressings and bacterial resistance to silver compounds

Harm to Others: The Social Cost of Antibiotics in Agriculture

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