Why Antibiotic Use Data in Animals Needs to Be Collected and How This Can Be Facilitated

Ferreira, Jorge Pinto

doi:10.3389/fvets.2017.00213

Cited by 27 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Detailed farm-level AMU data collection is therefore considered invaluable due to its more closely targeted nature, ensuring accurate assignation of species exposed to the AMD, ability to evaluate the indication of use and risk characteristics of exposed animals, and potential exploration of relationships of AMU with AMR in a meaningful way (25). Since AMU data collected for monitoring and surveillance are intended to address questions requiring detailed levels of information (26, 27) development of practical methods for on-farm collection of data should be prioritized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Use on 36 Beef Feedlots in Western Canada: 2008–2012

et al. 2019

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The accurate quantification of antimicrobial use (AMU) in production animals is critical for monitoring trends in exposure to antimicrobial drugs (AMD) over time and examining potential associations with antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. In this study, a census sample of cattle was used to quantify individually-dosed and in-feed AMU as both numbers of animal daily doses (nADD) and total grams of AMD (gAMD) used in cattle placed in 36 western Canadian feedlots between 1-November, 2008 and 31-October, 2012; representing about 21.5% of fed cattle in Canada during that time period. Of the ~2.6 million cattle placed during the 48-month period, 45% were calves, 63% were male, 62% arrived in the fall or winter, and 39% were assessed as high risk for developing bovine respiratory disease (BRD). The proportion of cattle categorized as high risk (HR) for developing BRD was consistent over the 4 years of placement cohorts. Both medically important AMU and ionophore use were summarized but presented separately. A decrease in AMU was observed over the study period, both as nADD and total gAMD, which was primarily driven by a decline in the in-feed administration of tetracyclines. Most in-feed AMU was directed toward prevention and control of liver abscesses. The majority of individually dosed AMU was administered as metaphylaxis to address BRD risks, with category III AMD (medium importance to human medicine as categorized by Health Canada Veterinary Drugs Directorate) used most frequently. Not surprisingly, risk level for developing BRD influenced parenteral AMD exposures, with 95% of cattle categorized as being HR for developing BRD receiving individually dosed AMD compared to 59% of cattle categorized as being low risk (LR) for developing BRD. Cattle categorized as HR for developing BRD were more likely to receive macrolides for BRD metaphylaxis compared to cattle categorized as LR for developing BRD, and cattle categorized as LR for developing BRD were more likely to receive tetracycline for the same purpose. In summary, these data provide an unprecedented representation of AMU in fed cattle in western Canada and direction for future monitoring of AMU in fed cattle.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Use on 36 Beef Feedlots in Western Canada: 2008–2012

et al. 2019

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“…It is well-known that the development of resistance is related to some extent to the antibiotic use (1, 2). Therefore, for regular evaluation of these associations and for interpretation of resistance patterns and trends, among others, detailed information about antibiotic consumption is needed (3, 4). At the EU level, Directive 2003/99/EC requires the member states to carry out a monitoring of AMR in zoonotic agents and commensal bacteria (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Antibiotic Usage in German Dairy and Beef Cattle Farms—A Longitudinal Analysis

et al. 2019

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It is well-established that antimicrobial use is a major factor for the development of antimicrobial resistance. To analyze the associations between antimicrobial resistance and usage of antimicrobial agents, data from monitoring and surveillance systems are crucial. Within the project VetCAb (Veterinary Consumption of Antibiotics), antibiotic usage data in German livestock is regularly collected and evaluated. Based on a cross-sectional study in 2011, the project was continued as the longitudinal study VetCAb-Sentinel with ongoing participant recruitment and data collection from 2013. The data collection is based on official German application and delivery forms (ADF), voluntarily provided by veterinarians and farmers. In this study the results of antibiotic usage data of dairy cows, dairy calves and beef cattle were described, using a semi-annual treatment frequency, and 95,944 ADF issued between 2011 and 2015 were analyzed. Results show that the median of the treatment frequency in dairy calf and beef cattle holdings slightly decreased from 0.4 to 0.3 and from 0.2 to 0 days, respectively, whereas the median in dairy cow holdings ranged between 1.9 and 2.3 during the observed period. Temporal changes and the effect of the factors “farm size” and “region” on the treatment frequency were investigated, using multiple linear mixed and logistic regression models. Generally, the factor “time” has a statistically significant impact on the treatment frequency in all production types. In addition, a temporal trend test over the first six half-years shows that an increasing linear trend can be stated in dairy cows and dairy calves ( p = 0.017; p = 0.004, respectively). If the time-period is extended to all eight half-years under study, this turns into a quadratic effect (dairy cows: p = 0.006; dairy calves: p < 0.001). In dairy calves and beef cattle the factor “farm size” also has a statistically significant impact. The factor “region,” in contrast, shows no statistically significant impact at all. Compared to other livestock populations in Germany, the use of antimicrobials in dairy cows, dairy calves, and beef cattle appears to be low, but varies across several associated factors. Considering these effects, it is recommended that the size of dairy calf and beef cattle holdings is regularly considered in the evaluation of antimicrobial usage data over time.

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“…This was substantiated by data retrieved from AMIS indicating the granting of numerous marketing authorizations of products containing doxycycline from 2009 to 2012. However, only the analysis of use data collected at farm or veterinary practice level would allow for a quantification of the impact of changes in prescription patterns on sales or consumption volumes across antimicrobial agents and antimicrobial classes [ 35 , 63 – 65 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From 2014 to 2015, a strong reduction of antimicrobial consumption in pig production was determined while that of the other sectors decreased only slightly (cattle) or remained nearly unchanged (poultry). Since most veterinary antimicrobial products are authorized for use in various animal species [ 35 , 61 , 63 , 65 ], such differences occurring at species or production type level were not detectable by an assessment of sales volumes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increased marketing efforts were undertaken by some marketing authorization holders for veterinary medicinal products containing fluoroquinolones shortly after the amendment of the regulation came into force, but might have been conducted for products containing cephalosporins of the 3 rd or 4 th generation as well. Without the provision of use data, the situation cannot be profoundly evaluated [ 63 , 65 , 77 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eight years of sales surveillance of antimicrobials for veterinary use in Germany—What are the perceptions?

et al. 2020

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A surveillance system for sales volumes of antimicrobial agents for veterinary use was established in Germany in 2011. Since then, pharmaceutical companies and wholesalers have been legally obliged to report annual volumes of veterinary antimicrobial products sold to veterinary practices or clinics located in Germany. The evaluation of sales volumes for eight consecutive years resulted in a considerable total decrease by 58% from 1706 tons to 722 tons. During the investigation period, two legally binding measures to control the risk of antimicrobial resistance resulting from the veterinary use of antimicrobials were introduced, a) the German treatment frequencies benchmarking in 2014 and b) the obligation to conduct susceptibility testing for the use of cephalosporins of the 3 rd and 4 th generation and of fluoroquinolones in 2018. Both had a marked impact on sales volumes. Nonetheless, the category of Critically Important Antimicrobials as defined by the World Health Organization kept accounting for the highest share on sales volumes in Germany in 2018 with 403 tons, despite an overall reduction by 53%. Sales surveillance is considered essential for data retrieval on a global scale and inter-country comparison. However, the usability of a surveillance system based on sales data for risk management of antimicrobial resistance has limitations. The German system does not include off-label use of antimicrobial products authorized for human medicine and does not allow for identification of areas of high risk according to animal species, farm and production types and indications for treatment. For further reduction and enhanced promotion of a prudent use of antimicrobials, targeted measures would be required that could only be deducted from use data collected at farm or veterinary practice level. A surveillance system based on use data is currently lacking in Germany but will be established according to Regulation (EU) 2019/6 on veterinary medicinal products.

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Why Antibiotic Use Data in Animals Needs to Be Collected and How This Can Be Facilitated

Cited by 27 publications

References 41 publications

Antimicrobial Use on 36 Beef Feedlots in Western Canada: 2008–2012

Antimicrobial Use on 36 Beef Feedlots in Western Canada: 2008–2012

Monitoring Antibiotic Usage in German Dairy and Beef Cattle Farms—A Longitudinal Analysis

Eight years of sales surveillance of antimicrobials for veterinary use in Germany—What are the perceptions?

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