Integrated whole-cell modeling is poised to make a dramatic impact on molecular and systems biology, bioengineering, and medicine — once certain obstacles are overcome. From our group’s experience building a whole-cell model of Mycoplasma genitalium, we identified several significant challenges to building models of more complex cells. Here we review and discuss these challenges in seven areas: (1) experimental interrogation, (2) data curation, (3) model building and integration, (4) accelerated computation, (5) analysis and visualization, (6) model validation, and (7) collaboration and community development. Surmounting these challenges will require the cooperation of an interdisciplinary group of researchers to create increasingly sophisticated whole-cell models and make data, models, and simulations more accessible to the wider community.