Whole Lake Fluridone Treatments For Selective Control of Eurasian Watermilfoil: I. Application Strategy and Herbicide Residues

Getsinger, Kurt D.; Madsen, John D.; Koschnick, Tyler J.; Netherland, Michael D.

doi:10.1080/07438140209354147

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In field trials, commercial formulations of fluridone (SonarÒ A.S., SePro SRTC, Whitakers, NC) have been shown to be selectively effective in controlling weeds at relatively low concentrations of 10-20 lg/L (Smith and Pullman 1997). Depending on the timing of application, the volume of the lake, and its associated thermocline, initial concentrations of 5 lg/L followed by repeated applications of 2 lg/L, every 21 days, will selectively and effectively reduce Eurasian watermilfoil populations (Getsinger et al 2002). This is well below the maximum allowable application rates as outlined by the EPA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Fluridone [1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-4(1H)-pyridinone] is an aquatic herbicide that is increasingly used in integrated pest management programs to control invasive plant species. It functions by inhibiting the synthesis of carotenoids involved in photoprotection of the photosynthetic apparatus (Dankov et al 2009;Getsinger et al 2002;Hamelink et al 1986). Plants differ in their spectrum of light accessory pigments, allowing them to compete against each other for unique niches in aquatic ecosystems (Nelson and Cox 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicological effects of the aquatic herbicide, fluridone, on male water mites (Hydrachnidiae: Arrenurus: Megaluracarus)

Francis

Jarrell

et al. 2010

Ecotoxicology

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The acute toxicities for technical grade fluridone (Sonar™) and the commercial formulation of fluridone (Sonar®AS) were assessed for male water mites (Hydrachnidiae: Arrenurus: Megaluracarus). Signs of toxicity were evaluated by detection of locomotor dysfunction or death after exposure to concentrations of 100,000, 10,000, 1,000, and 100 μg/L of Sonar™ and 10,000, 5,000, 1,000, 100, and 10 μg/L of Sonar®AS in US EPA, moderately hard reconstituted water (MHRW). The median effective concentration (EC50) was 891 and 631 μg/L for Sonar™ at 48 and 96 h and less than 10 μg/L for Sonar®AS at 96 h. Increased duration of exposure to Sonar®AS from 48 to 96 h had a significant effect on increasing the rate of combined morbidity and mortality. At the lowest concentration of Sonar®AS tested, which is half the concentration allowed within 400 m of any functioning potable water intake for human usage, 40% of the mites were adversely affected at 48 h and 70% were affected after 96 h of exposure. This study demonstrates that Sonar®AS is 60-fold more toxic to water mites than the active ingredient alone. At currently acceptable application rates of 90-150 μg/L fluridone, the addition of ingredients classified as inert, as in Sonar®AS, result in an increased risk of adverse effects on populations of male water mites (Arrenurus: Megaluracarus) in aquatic ecosystems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological effects of the aquatic herbicide, fluridone, on male water mites (Hydrachnidiae: Arrenurus: Megaluracarus)

Francis

Jarrell

et al. 2010

Ecotoxicology

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“…These include mechanical treatment with weed harvesters and dredges, water level drawdown in reservoirs, shading, chemical control of internal loading (Mesner and Narf 1987), herbicide treatments (e.g., Getsinger et al 2002), and biological controls, including pathogens such as fungi (Smith et al 1989), herbivorous milfoil weevils Euhrychiopsis lecontei (Newman et al 1996), and aquatic moths of the genus Acentra (Gross et al 2001). These control techniques are generally short-lived, expensive (Smith and Barko 1990), and may be detrimental to nontarget populations or the ecosystem.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses of lake macrophyte beds dominated by Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) to best management practices in agricultural sub-watersheds: Declines in biomass but not species dominance

Bosch

Makarewicz

Bonk

et al. 2009

Journal of Great Lakes Research

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“…Fluridone concentrations ranging from 5 to 12 lg L À1 have proven most effective at selectively controlling EWM while leaving native plant species unharmed (Getsinger et al 2001(Getsinger et al , 2002. Townline hybrid watermilfoil has previously been shown to be tolerant to fluridone concentrations up to 24 lg L À1 (Thum et al 2012).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Herbicides have also been widely used to control invasive watermilfoils for several decades. The herbicide fluridone has been used to control EWM at a lake-wide scale while providing selectivity for multiple native plants (Crowell et al 2006;Getsinger et al 2001Getsinger et al , 2002. Fluridone use at low concentrations to selectively control EWM has been widely implemented in some regions of the country and the recent documentation of reduced fluridone sensitivity in a hybrid watermilfoil population is of interest to resource managers Thum et al 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Development of a Rapid Assay to Detect Reduced Fluridone Sensitivity in Invasive Watermilfoils

Berger

Netherland²,

MacDonald

2015

Weed technol.

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Fluridone has been used to successfully manage Eurasian watermilfoil since the late 1980s. However, recent documentation of hybrid watermilfoils and the resulting potential for reduced herbicide sensitivity necessitate the need for an assay to determine individual population response to fluridone. A known fluridone-resistant hybrid watermilfoil population from Townline Lake in Michigan was compared to 11 Eurasian and hybrid watermilfoil populations in laboratory experiments to develop a method for determining response to fluridone. Apical shoot tips were exposed to increasing concentrations of fluridone (0 to 48μg L−1) for 3, 5, and 7 d. Chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) was evaluated using a pulse-amplitude modulated fluorometer at each interval along with pigment analysis of chlorophyll and β-carotene at the 7-d interval. Fv/Fmand pigment analysis yielded the same results. A fluridone concentration of 12μg L−1and an analysis interval of 7 d were found to be optimal in determining invasive watermilfoil response to fluridone. Use of such small-scale assays can provide resource managers a rapid tool to cost-effectively evaluate invasive watermilfoil response to fluridone.

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Whole Lake Fluridone Treatments For Selective Control of Eurasian Watermilfoil: I. Application Strategy and Herbicide Residues

Cited by 16 publications

References 2 publications

Toxicological effects of the aquatic herbicide, fluridone, on male water mites (Hydrachnidiae: Arrenurus: Megaluracarus)

Toxicological effects of the aquatic herbicide, fluridone, on male water mites (Hydrachnidiae: Arrenurus: Megaluracarus)

Responses of lake macrophyte beds dominated by Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) to best management practices in agricultural sub-watersheds: Declines in biomass but not species dominance

Development of a Rapid Assay to Detect Reduced Fluridone Sensitivity in Invasive Watermilfoils

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