Whole grain rice fortification as a solution to micronutrient deficiency: Technologies and need for more viable alternatives

Impact of ultrasonic treatment on rice starch and grain functional properties: A review

“…Fortifying rice is an effective and economical way to elevate micronutrient intake in countries where rice is a staple food. Different non-destructive techniques have been extensively utilized for micronutrient fortification of rice, which includes the following: soaking, parboiling, coating, germination, foliar spray, fertilization, and dusting [107] . The potential of the sonication technique expands the arsenal for the choice of technology as a postharvest technique to increase vitamin and mineral uptake during rice fortification.…”

Considerations for improvising fortified extruded rice products

“…In technological views, extrusion is a process of pressurizing food materials to flow through a die (an orifice) (Brennan et al, 2013), which may encompass kneading, melting, or other shearing operations to produce newer shapes or expand the material (Karwe, 2009;Riaz, 2000;Steel et al, 2012). This process comprises of several steps, including mixing, degassing, thermal and mechanical heating, forming, and expanding (Kokini et al, 1993;Paul & Guy, 1994;Saha & Roy, 2020a). The basic process flow for production of fortified rice analogues by extrusion has been outlined in Figure 1.…”

“…This need can again either be based on the nutritional requirements of various age groups and their respective physiological conditions or specifically by the deficiency the target individuals are suffering from. An estimated number of micronutrients which should be present in the fortified rice for the malnourished individual consuming around 75 to 149 g of rice per day have been discussed in a very recent literature by Saha and Roy (2020a). Most individuals may just be deficient in just one of these micronutrients, which demands specific choice of micronutrients rather than generalizing the composition.…”

“…Human staples are often deficient in essential micronutrients. Sometimes, their levels diminish during postharvest operations like milling and husking (Oghbaei & Prakash, 2016; Saha & Roy, 2020a). Rice is a major staple of a large portion of the global population.…”

“…Rice is a major staple of a large portion of the global population. Thus, it can be utilized as an effective matrix to deliver deficient micronutrients to a huge segment of the global population (Mishra et al., 2012; Saha & Roy, 2020a). This idea had led to the development of rice fortification by various approaches like dusting, coating, sonication, germination, parboiling, spraying, and extrusion (Saha & Roy, 2020a).…”