Whole Grain Consumption for the Prevention and Treatment of Breast Cancer

Abstract

Breast cancer is one of the most common and malignant cancers among females worldwide. Several epidemiological studies have indicated the inverse correlation between the intake of whole grains and the incidence of breast cancer. Whole grains are the most fundamental and important food source of bioactive phytochemicals, which have well-defined roles in the management of each stage of breast carcinogenesis. To better understand the value of whole grains in future prevention and treatment of breast cancer, the effects and possible mechanisms of six different whole grain cereals, which are the most commonly consumed throughout the world, are introduced in the current review. Moreover, the bioactive compounds extracted from whole grains are adequately formulated and the underlying mechanism of action is illustrated. In addition, the present limitations and future perspective of whole grain consumption for breast cancer are also concluded. The objective of this review is to promote the development of nutraceutical and functional food from whole grains and its application for reducing the risk of breast cancer.

5‐Heptadecylresorcinol, a Biomarker for Whole Grain Rye Consumption, Ameliorates Cognitive Impairments and Neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice

“…[ 3 ] Whole grains are the entire seed of a plant, the consumption of which has been proven to decrease the risk of obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers. [ 5 ] However, the protective effects of whole grains against neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease have not been fully elucidated and reported. Dietary fiber (DF) has been reported to be responsible for the health effects of WGs consumption.…”

The Application of Metabolomics for the Study of Cereal Corn (Zea mays L.)

“…Plant secondary metabolites are small molecules that are considered non-essential for the general survival of the organism but are key components for overall plant adaptation and protection to biotic and abiotic stress conditions [63]. Several epidemiological and intervention studies have shown an inverse correlation in the prevalence of major chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer and the consumption of whole grains [16,17,64]. This is due to the presence of a wide range of phytochemical compounds, mainly secondary metabolites, that also play a significant role for human health [64].…”

“…16 Pelargonidin-3-succinyl glucoside. 17 Pelargonidin-3-disuccinyl glucoside. 18 Pelargonidin-3-malonyl succinyl glucoside.…”

“…Fruits and whole grains have been found to be sources of bioactive compounds with potential to decrease the risk of chronic diseases when consumed on a regular basis. The intake of whole grains rich in different health-relevant functional metabolites has been related to the reduction of risks factors of major chronic diseases according to several epidemiological and intervention studies [16][17][18]. The research and sustainable use of corn genetic diversity may help to counter such challenges.…”

Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Exhaled Breath Compounds after Whole Grain Diets

“…Whole grain (WG) cereals are an important source of dietary fiber (DF) and micronutrients and are therefore acknowledged as part of the healthy diet in dietary recommendations [ 1 , 2 ]. Epidemiological studies and their meta-analyses have consistently shown high intake of WG to lower risk of chronic diseases and mortality [ 3 , 4 , 5 ], and associate negatively with obesity [ 6 , 7 ], type 2 diabetes [ 8 , 9 , 10 ], cardiovascular disease [ 11 , 12 , 13 ], and certain cancers [ 14 , 15 ]. However, the underlying physiological mechanisms are complex and unclear.…”