Whole-Genome Sequencing of Erwinia amylovora Strains from Mexico Detects Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in
            <i>rpsL</i>
            Conferring Streptomycin Resistance and in the
            <i>avrRpt2</i>
            Effector Altering Host Interactions

Smits, Theo H. M.; Prieto, Víctor Manuel Guerrero; Hernández-Escarcega, Germán; Blom, J.; Goesmann, Alexander; Rezzonico, Fabio; Duffy, Brion; Stockwell, Virginia O.

doi:10.1128/genomea.01229-13

Cited by 21 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Similar results were obtained for the other two S‐type strains LA635 and LA636, as described by Smits et al . (). As the Δ avrRpt2 EA mutant was not able to overcome the resistance of M. floribunda 821 and Evereste, the S‐allele of AvrRpt2 EA cannot be the reason for the sensitivity of these two genotypes to these pathogen strains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Inoculation of Malus genotypes with a set of Erwinia amylovora strains indicates a gene‐for‐gene relationship between the effector gene eop1 and both Malus floribunda 821 and Malus ‘Evereste’

et al. 2017

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The Gram‐negative bacterium Erwinia amylovora, causal agent of fire blight disease in pome fruit trees, encodes a type three secretion system (T3SS) that translocates effector proteins into plant cells that collectively function to suppress host defences and enable pathogenesis. Until now, there has only been limited knowledge about the interaction of effector proteins and host resistance presented in several wild Malus species. This study tested disease responses in several Malus wild species with a set of effector deletion mutant strains and several highly virulent E. amylovora strains, which are assumed to influence the host resistance response of fire blight‐resistant Malus species. The findings confirm earlier studies that deletion of the T3SS abolished virulence of the pathogen. Furthermore, a new gene‐for‐gene relationship was established between the effector protein Eop1 and the fire blight resistant ornamental apple cultivar Evereste and the wild species Malus floribunda 821. The results presented here provide new insights into the host–pathogen interactions between Malus sp. and E. amylovora.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Inoculation of Malus genotypes with a set of Erwinia amylovora strains indicates a gene‐for‐gene relationship between the effector gene eop1 and both Malus floribunda 821 and Malus ‘Evereste’

et al. 2017

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“…took place after species separation of E. amylovora and E. pyrifoliae , as the Spiraeoideae infecting isolates of E. amylovora and E. pyrifoliae (including Japanese strains), as well as E. tasmaniensis and E. piriflorinigrans , all sharing the Spiraeoideae-type LPS biosynthetic cluster [ 48 ]. Interestingly, genome sequencing of three Mexican E. amylovora strains have revealed an rpsL chromosal mutation conferring high-level of streptomycin resistance [ 63 ]. This chromosomal mutation is the predominant E. amylovora mechanism, typically appearing after years of intensive application with long persistence in populations [ 10 , 63 ], explaining the observed inefficacy of streptomycin in Mexico [ 63 , 64 ] and underscoring the need of revision of pesticide use strategies to avoid similar resistance evolution against other antimicrobial drugs as oxytetracycline or gentamicin [ 63 ].…”

Section: Geneticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence Factors of Erwinia amylovora: A Review

Piqué

Miñana-Galbis

Merino

et al. 2015

IJMS

124

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Erwinia amylovora, a Gram negative bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family, is the causal agent of fire blight, a devastating plant disease affecting a wide range of host species within Rosaceae and a major global threat to commercial apple and pear production. Among the limited number of control options currently available, prophylactic application of antibiotics during the bloom period appears the most effective. Pathogen cells enter plants through the nectarthodes of flowers and other natural openings, such as wounds, and are capable of rapid movement within plants and the establishment of systemic infections. Many virulence determinants of E. amylovora have been characterized, including the Type III secretion system (T3SS), the exopolysaccharide (EPS) amylovoran, biofilm formation, and motility. To successfully establish an infection, E. amylovora uses a complex regulatory network to sense the relevant environmental signals and coordinate the expression of early and late stage virulence factors involving two component signal transduction systems, bis-(3′-5′)-cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) and quorum sensing. The LPS biosynthetic gene cluster is one of the relatively few genetic differences observed between Rubus- and Spiraeoideae-infecting genotypes of E. amylovora. Other differential factors, such as the presence and composition of an integrative conjugative element associated with the Hrp T3SS (hrp genes encoding the T3SS apparatus), have been recently described. In the present review, we present the recent findings on virulence factors research, focusing on their role in bacterial pathogenesis and indicating other virulence factors that deserve future research to characterize them.

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“…, Ea266 and Ea273) [70]. Moreover, a naturally-occurring single nucleotide polymorfisme (SNP) in avrRpt2 gene of Erwinia is enough to overcome the FB resistance provided by M. × robusta 5 [71,72]. Experts were aware of these potential problem and researches on different FB-resistance genes to decrease the risk of FB_MR5 breakdown are underway.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fire Blight Control: The Struggle Goes On. A Comparison of Different Fire Blight Control Methods in Switzerland with Respect to Biosafety, Efficacy and Durability

Gusberti¹,

Klemm

Meier

et al. 2015

IJERPH

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Fire blight (FB), caused by Erwinia amylovora, is one of the most important pome fruit pathogens worldwide. To control this devastating disease, various chemical and biological treatments are commonly applied in Switzerland, but they fail to keep the infection at an acceptable level in years of heavy disease pressure. The Swiss authorities therefore currently allow the controlled use of the antibiotic streptomycin against FB in years that are predicted to have heavy infection periods, but only one treatment per season is permitted. Another strategy for controlling Erwinia is to breed resistant/tolerant apple cultivars. One way of accelerating the breeding process is to obtain resistant cultivars by inserting one or several major resistance genes, using genetic engineering. To date, no study summarizing the impact of different FB control measures on the environment and on human health has been performed. This study consequently aims to compare different disease-control measures (biological control, chemical control, control by antibiotics and by resistant/tolerant apple cultivars obtained through conventional or molecular breeding) applied against E. amylovora, considering different protection goals (protection of human health, environment, agricultural diversity and economic interest), with special emphasis on biosafety aspects. Information on each FB control measure in relation to the specified protection goal was assessed by literature searches and by interviews with experts. Based on our results it can be concluded that the FB control measures currently applied in Switzerland are safe for consumers, workers and the environment. However, there are several gaps in our knowledge of the human health and environmental impacts analyzed: data are missing (1) on long term studies on the efficacy of most of the analyzed FB control measures; (2) on the safety of operators handling streptomycin; (3) on residue analyses of Equisetum plant extract, the copper and aluminum compounds used in apple production; and (4) on the effect of biological and chemical control measures on non-target fauna and flora. These gaps urgently need to be addressed in the near future.

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Whole-Genome Sequencing of Erwinia amylovora Strains from Mexico Detects Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in rpsL Conferring Streptomycin Resistance and in the avrRpt2 Effector Altering Host Interactions

Cited by 21 publications

References 10 publications

Inoculation of Malus genotypes with a set of Erwinia amylovora strains indicates a gene‐for‐gene relationship between the effector gene eop1 and both Malus floribunda 821 and Malus ‘Evereste’

Inoculation of Malus genotypes with a set of Erwinia amylovora strains indicates a gene‐for‐gene relationship between the effector gene eop1 and both Malus floribunda 821 and Malus ‘Evereste’

Virulence Factors of Erwinia amylovora: A Review

Fire Blight Control: The Struggle Goes On. A Comparison of Different Fire Blight Control Methods in Switzerland with Respect to Biosafety, Efficacy and Durability

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