Whole-Genome Sequencing of Borrelia garinii BgVir, Isolated from Taiga Ticks (Ixodes persulcatus)

Abstract

bMost Lyme borreliosis cases in Russia result from Borrelia garinii NT29 group infection. Borrelias of this group circulate exclusively in Ixodes persulcatus ticks, which are seldom found beyond Russia and the far east. Here we report the whole-genome sequence of Borrelia garinii BgVir isolated from an I. persulcatus female. L yme disease, caused by bacteria of the Borrelia genus, is the most frequent tick-borne infection in Russia (4). More than a million tick bites of humans were reported in the region last year. About 50% of the ticks investigated were infected with Borrelia, primarily of the B. garinii NT29 group (1, 2, 7). Borrelia bacteria of this group not only present a peculiar clinical picture, common in Russian patients, but are also limited in their inhabitation to Russia and northern China. These are also the only Borrelia bacteria that can effectively circulate in Ixodes persulcatus (5, 6). Hence, they are often omitted from the most prominent investigations, which usually rely on Borrelia strains common in Europe and North America. Here we report the first whole-genome sequence of a B. garinii NT29 group (strain BgVir).BgVir was isolated from an I. persulcatus female (2). Borrelia cells from the fourth passage on BSK-H media were used to avoid possible plasmid diminution. A rapid fragment library was sequenced on a Roche FLX instrument following the Titanium protocol, resulting in approximately 236 Mb of raw data with a mean read length of 341 nucleotides. A number of subsets of data, differing in coverage and mean read length, were then generated and fed to Newbler v. 2.3 to chase the best contig metrics. A 2ϫ 50-bp mate-paired library with a mean insertion size of 1 kb was additionally sequenced following the ABI SOLiD v.3.5. protocol. To achieve as narrow an insert size distribution as possible, the DNA shearing was followed by additional size selection on an agarose gel. The introduction of different sequencing platforms and library types allowed us to perform scaffolding and error correction in Roche FLX reads, which especially occurred in homopolymer stretches ubiquitous in the Borrelia genome. Gap sizes were derived from pairing of SOLiD reads. Local mapping of FLX reads was performed to the ends of each gap, followed by insertion of trimmed unmapped sequences. This operation was repeated until all gaps were closed. Validation and error correction were performed by mapping both the FLX and SOLiD reads on the obtained draft sequence. Full-length sequences of chromosome, linear plasmid lp54, and circular plasmid cp26 were obtained. The rest of the plasmids are represented by 46 scaffolds. The nucleotide sequences were annotated using GeneMark.hmm-PS and Glimmer algorithms.After alignment was performed, the chromosome nucleotide sequences of B. garinii BgVir and B. garinii PBi exhibited 98% identity. Most of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) detected were synonymous polymorphisms. The most dramatic structural alteration is the insertion into BgVir of the chromosome sequence harboring ...

Recurrent evolution of host and vector association in bacteria of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato species complex

“…This sample was not included in the estimation of species-specific summary statistics. Three strains identified as B. garinii in GenBank [ 22 ] and BorreliaBase [ 27 ]: BgVir strain from Russia [ 28 ] and SZ and NMJW1 strains from China [ 29 , 30 ] clustered within the B. bavariensis clade and were considered as B. bavariensis in our analyses. We had already shown in a previous study [ 31 ] that strains BgVir and NMJW1 clustered within B. bavariensis and we suggest that all three strains require re-classification.…”

Complete Genome Sequence of Borrelia afzelii K78 and Comparative Genome Analysis

“…The gene lmp1 shows a notable variation of the number of tetratricopeptide repeats across the strains with the highest number in K78 [ 6 ], when compared to ACA-1 [ 5 ], PKo [ 5 ], Tom3107 [ 5 ], HLJ01 [ 2 ] and B31 [ 2 ]. Different numbers of short repeats are also seen for infB between the strains K78 [ 10 ], ACA-1 [ 12 ], PKo [ 6 ], Tom3107 [ 10 ], HLJ01 [ 10 ] and B31 [ 12 ], and a hypothetical protein (BB_0546, BAFK78_546) for strains K78 [ 3 ], ACA-1 [ 4 ], PKo [ 3 ], Tom3107 [ 3 ], HLJ01 [ 3 ] and B31 [ 5 ]. The combination of the number of repeats of the three loci can uniquely identify these six Borrelia strains.…”

Evidence for Borrelia bavariensis Infections of Ixodes uriae within Seabird Colonies of the North Atlantic Ocean

“…These sequences originated from I. uriae found on a tufted puffin (Fratercula cirrhata) and a red-faced cormorant (Phalacrocorax urile) from two seabird colonies in Russia (on the It was not possible, using a phylogenetic approach, to definitively determine if other non-MLST published sequences previously identified as B. garinii might also be B. bavariensis, because the identity to reference B. bavariensis sequences was not high enough. However, the fla sequence from one tick (T1674) from an Atlantic puffin in Iceland (17) clustered with B. bavariensis sequences in a phylogenetic tree, was 100% identical to sequences from two other seabird-origin samples that had been identified as B. bavariensis using MLST (26), and shared 98.7% identity with BgVir, a B. bavariensis strain from a rodent (27) (Fig. 2).…”