Whole-genome and time-course dual RNA-Seq analyses reveal chronic pathogenicity-related gene dynamics in the ginseng rusty root rot pathogen Ilyonectria robusta

Guan, Y. M.; Chen, Meili; Ma, Yingying; Du, Zhenglin; Ni, Yuan; Yu, Li; Xiao, Jingfa; Zhang, Yayu

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-58342-7

Cited by 19 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…Other major P. ginseng soil-borne pathogens, Cylindrocarpon and Ilyonectria that cause ginseng rust rot disease, also varied in abundances with the cultivation of P. ginseng . Currently, the isolates of Ilyonectria species that infect P. ginseng are categorized into four species: I. robusta , I. mors-panacis , I. panacis , and I. crassa [ 48 , 49 ]. In this study, I. mors-panacis and I. robusta were noticeably enriched in the soil with P. ginseng cultivation, and the extent of accumulation varied with different cultivation years and soil types.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity and composition of the Panax ginseng rhizosphere microbiome in various cultivation modesand ages

Tong

Liu

Liu³

et al. 2021

BMC Microbiol

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Background Continuous cropping of ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) cultivated in farmland for an extended period gives rise to soil-borne disease. The change in soil microbial composition is a major cause of soil-borne diseases and an obstacle to continuous cropping. The impact of cultivation modes and ages on the diversity and composition of the P. ginseng rhizosphere microbial community and technology suitable for cropping P. ginseng in farmland are still being explored. Methods Amplicon sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal ITS regions were analyzed for microbial community composition and diversity. Results The obtained sequencing data were reasonable for estimating soil microbial diversity. We observed significant variations in richness, diversity, and relative abundances of microbial taxa between farmland, deforestation field, and different cultivation years. The bacterial communities of LCK (forest soil where P. ginseng was not grown) had a much higher richness and diversity than those in NCK (farmland soil where P. ginseng was not grown). The increase in cultivation years of P. ginseng in farmland and deforestation field significantly changed the diversity of soil microbial communities. In addition, the accumulation of P. ginseng soil-borne pathogens (Monographella cucumerina, Ilyonectria mors-panacis, I. robusta, Fusarium solani, and Nectria ramulariae) varied with the cropping age of P. ginseng. Conclusion Soil microbial diversity and function were significantly poorer in farmland than in the deforestation field and were affected by P. ginseng planting years. The abundance of common soil-borne pathogens of P. ginseng increased with the cultivation age and led to an imbalance in the microbial community.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity and composition of the Panax ginseng rhizosphere microbiome in various cultivation modesand ages

Tong

Liu

Liu³

et al. 2021

BMC Microbiol

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“…This species is considered a strong, aggressive species in Ilyonectria, but the isolation ratio was only 10.9%. Sufficient time to complete the infection is necessary for the chronic pathogenic Ilyonectria population to cause damage to the roots of perennials (Guan et al, 2020). Of course, the relationship between the degree of epidemic disease and pathogenicity was not studied in depth, and this relationship is determined by many factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Panax ginseng is one of the most cultivated medicinal plants in China, and the quality of ginseng greatly influences the quality of cosmetics, health care products and medicines that use ginseng as a raw material (Baranov, 1966;Hu, 1977). Ginseng rusty root rot is caused by Ilyonectria/Cylindrocarpon or Ilyonectria/Cylindrocarpon-like species, and it is the most devastating chronic disease and the greatest threat to ginseng (Panax ginseng) cultivation (Guan et al, 2020). Rusty root rot may cause 30% loss of ginseng, and it can be found in all ginseng planting areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Locus Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Fungal Complex Associated With Rusty Root Rot of Panax ginseng in China

et al. 2020

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Panax ginseng rusty root rot caused by the Ilyonectria species complex is a devastating disease, and it is one of the main factors contributing to the difficulty in continual cropping. Rusty root rot occurs in all ginseng fields, but little is known about the taxonomy of the fungal pathogen complex, especially Ilyonectria and Ilyonectria-like species. Rusty root rot samples were collected from commercial ginseng cultivation areas of China, and the pathogens were isolated and purified as single spores. Based on the combination analysis of multiple loci (rDNA-ITS, TUB, HIS3, TEF, ACT, LSU, RPB1, RPB2, and SSU) and morphological characteristics, the pathogens causing ginseng rusty root rot were determined. Fungal isolates were obtained from infected roots in 56 locations within main cultivation areas in China. A total of 766 strains were identified as Ilyonectria, Ilyonectria-like and Rhexocercosporidium species, including I. robusta (55.0%), I. communis (21.7%), I. mors-panacis (10.9%), I. pseudodestructans (2.0%), I. changbaiensis (1.3%), I. qitaiheensis (1.3%), Neonectria obtusispora (2.0%), Dactylonectria torresensis (0.5%), D. sp. (0.5%), and R. panacis (1.5%), and four novel species, Thelonectria ginsengicola (1.0%), T. jixiensis (1.0%), T. mulanensis (0.8%) and T. fusongensis (0.5%), with a total of 14 species. As the pathogen present in the highest proportion, I. robusta was the most prevalent and damaging species, unlike the pathogens reported previously. All of the examined strains were proven to cause ginseng rusty root rot. Our results indicate that the taxonomy of the fungal complex associated with ginseng rusty root rot includes Ilyonectria, Ilyonectria-like genera (Dactylonectria, Neonectria, and Thelonectria) and Rhexocercosporidium.

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“…In particular, the genus Ilyonectria ( Figure 6 ), which was reported as a plant pathogen or an opportunistic pathogen [ 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ], was significantly suppressed in the RP and its dominance increased steeply in the RS of Sadong ( Figure 6 ). It was also reported that this genus participates in a combination of endophytic and saprotrophic activities of plants [ 49 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rhizoplane and Rhizosphere Fungal Communities of Geographically Isolated Korean Bellflower (Campanula takesimana Nakai)

Park

Kim

Cho

et al. 2021

Biology

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Fungal communities in the rhizoplane (RP) and rhizosphere (RS) of geographically isolated C. takesimana habitats in different environments such as oceanic (Seodo, the Dokdo Islands), coastline (Sadong, Ulleungdo Island), and inland (Taeha, Ulleungdo Island) regions were analyzed by MiSeq sequencing. In total, 1279 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained and they were further classified into 185 genera belonging to five phyla. The total number of fungal taxa in the RP samples was lower than those in the RS samples in all the sampled locations, providing an indication of the existence of a certain level of the selective pressures from the host plant. The richness of the RP in the Dokdo Islands was higher than that of Ulleungdo Island, but the richness of the RS in the Dokdo Islands was lower than that of Ulleungdo Island. These results suggest evidence for strong effects of a harsh geo-climate on the RP and RS fungal diversities in the Dokdo Islands. Additionally, a total of 82 fungal genera were identified in all three RP samples and 63 genera (77%) were uniquely found in each of the geographical regions and 43 genera (52.4%) showed high dependency on the C. takesimana vegetation. It was found that the genus Mortierella was the most dominant taxon in all the samples. The geo-ecological isolation of the Korean bellflower may have caused unique formation of the RP and RS fungal communities in the natural habitats.

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Whole-genome and time-course dual RNA-Seq analyses reveal chronic pathogenicity-related gene dynamics in the ginseng rusty root rot pathogen Ilyonectria robusta

Cited by 19 publications

References 74 publications

Diversity and composition of the Panax ginseng rhizosphere microbiome in various cultivation modesand ages

Diversity and composition of the Panax ginseng rhizosphere microbiome in various cultivation modesand ages

Multi-Locus Phylogeny and Taxonomy of the Fungal Complex Associated With Rusty Root Rot of Panax ginseng in China

Rhizoplane and Rhizosphere Fungal Communities of Geographically Isolated Korean Bellflower (Campanula takesimana Nakai)

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