Whole Exome Sequencing and In Silico Analysis of Human Sertoli in Patients with Non-Obstructive Azoospermia

Abstract

Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is a serious cause of male infertility. The Sertoli cell responds to androgens and takes on roles supporting spermatogenesis, which may cause infertility. This work aims to enhance the genetic diagnosis of NOA via the discovery of new and hub genes implicated in human NOA and to better assess the odds of successful sperm extraction according to the individual’s genotype. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was done on three NOA patients to find key genes involved in NOA. We evaluated genome-wide transcripts (about 50,000 transcripts) by microarray between the Sertoli of non-obstructive azoospermia and normal cells. The microarray analysis of three human cases with different non-obstructive azoospermia revealed that 32 genes were upregulated, and the expressions of 113 genes were downregulated versus the normal case. For this purpose, Enrich Shiny GO, STRING, and Cytoscape online evaluations were applied to predict the functional and molecular interactions of proteins and then recognize the master pathways. The functional enrichment analysis demonstrated that the biological process (BP) terms “inositol lipid-mediated signaling”, “positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II”, and “positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription” significantly changed in upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The BP investigation of downregulated DEGs highlighted “mitotic cytokinesis”, “regulation of protein-containing complex assembly”, “cytoskeleton-dependent cytokinesis”, and the “peptide metabolic process”. Overrepresented molecular function (MF) terms in upregulated DEGs included “ubiquitin-specific protease binding”, “protease binding”, “phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate phosphatase activity”, and “clathrin light chain binding”. Interestingly, the MF analysis of the downregulated DEGs revealed overexpression in “ATPase inhibitor activity”, “glutathione transferase activity”, and “ATPase regulator activity”. Our findings suggest that these genes and their interacting hub proteins could help determine the pathophysiologies of germ cell abnormalities and infertility.

Undifferentiated and Differentiated Spermatogonial Stem Cells

“…A high quality and relevance of gene prioritization can be seen in this network, which contains five of the eight canonical markers. As well as finding novel regulators of SSC self-renewal, we suggest the refined network could be used to identify target genes for male infertility and testicular cancer treatment [16,29,[31][32][33]. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112964…”

Clinical management, differential diagnosis, follow-up and biomarkers of infertile men with nonobstructive azoospermia

“…The field of male reproduction would benefit from technologies that would identify rare sperm for patients with NOA. There is a challenge in stimulating sperm production in patients with NOA through medical or regenerative approaches ( 8 - 11 ). The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator ( CFTR ) gene, known for its role in the pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis, has been implicated in the etiology of azoospermia, particularly congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens (CBAVD).…”

Nomogram based on a circular RNA biomarker for predicting the likelihood of successful sperm retrieval via microdissection testicular sperm extraction in patients with idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia

“…More importantly, silencing the expression of circ_MGLL results in an increase in the proliferation of Sertoli cells ( 19 ). However, many studies have reported that changes in the population or function of Sertoli cells are among the main factors leading to defective spermatogenesis ( 20 ). Nevertheless, the clinical relevance of circ_MGLL in patients with iNOA remains to be determined.…”