Whole body kinematic sex differences persist across non-dimensional gait speeds

Bruening, Dustin A.; Baird, Andrew R.; Weaver, Kelsey J.; Rasmussen, Austin

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237449

Cited by 29 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 94 publications

(154 reference statements)

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“…Concerning sex, no significant differences between sexes for any gait parameters were found. According to [ 55 ], most of the spatio-temporal sex differences could be related to body size and self-selection of GS. However, when controlling for size, sex differences disappeared.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gait Performance as an Indicator of Cognitive Deficit in Older People

Montilla

Pozuelo‐Carrascosa

Carmona‐Torres

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze which gait variables are the best for detecting cognitive impairment and to determine if age and gender can influence gait variations in older people. Methods: 65 participants took part in this study (22 men and 43 women; age: 73.88 ± 9.56 years). We use the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to assess mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Gait speed (GS) and the complex gait test (CGT) were analyzed with photocells Witty (Microgate, Italia). The OptoGait system (Microgate, Italia) was used to analyze step length (SL) and step coefficient of variation (CV sl). Results: There was a significant association between MoCA and SL (r = 0.420; p = 0.002), CV sl (r = −0.591; p < 0.001), and CGT (r = −0.406; p = 0.001). Instrumental activities of daily living showed significant association with SL (r = 0.563; p < 0.001); CV sl (r = −0.762; p < 0.001), CGT (r = −0.622; p < 0.001), and GS (r = 0.418; p < 0.001). CV sl showed the best results with MoCA when linear regression analysis was applied (R2 = 0.560; p = 0.007; Y = 23.669−0.320x). Participants older than 79 years showed lower MoCA scores and poorer gait parameters than people younger than 79 years. Conclusions: CV sl, SL, CGT, and GS make it possible to detect MCI in older people, especially when these variables are evaluated as a whole.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gait Performance as an Indicator of Cognitive Deficit in Older People

Montilla

Pozuelo‐Carrascosa

Carmona‐Torres

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…The video data were used to identify strides from each interval in the time-series MARG-based spatiotemporal and kinematic estimations ( Table 2 ). Spatiotemporal measures of mean velocity, stride length, stride rate and stance duration were normalised using a Froude number approach to account for between-athlete (especially, between-sex) differences in lower limb length and inertial properties (Hof, 1996 ; Bruening et al, 2020 ). Only normalised spatiotemporal measures were included in the statistical analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Biomechanical Characteristics of the Strongman Yoke Walk

Hindle¹,

Lorimer²,

Winwood³

et al. 2021

Front. Sports Act. Living

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The yoke walk is a popular strongman exercise where athletes carry a heavily loaded frame balanced across the back of their shoulders over a set distance as quickly as possible. The aim of this study was to use ecologically realistic training loads and carry distances to (1) establish the preliminary biomechanical characteristics of the yoke walk; (2) identify any biomechanical differences between male and female athletes performing the yoke walk; and (3) determine spatiotemporal and kinematic differences between stages (intervals) of the yoke walk. Kinematic and spatiotemporal measures of hip and knee joint angle, and mean velocity, stride length, stride rate and stance duration of each 5 m interval were taken whilst 19 strongman athletes performed three sets of a 20 m yoke walk at 85% of their pre-determined 20 m yoke walk one repetition maximum. The yoke walk was characterised by flexion of the hip and slight to neutral flexion of the knee at heel strike, slight to neutral extension of the hip and flexion of the knee at toe-off and moderate hip and knee range of motion (ROM), with high stride rate and stance duration, and short stride length. Between-interval comparisons revealed increased stride length, stride rate and lower limb ROM, and decreased stance duration at greater velocity. Although no main between-sex differences were observed, two-way interactions revealed female athletes exhibited greater knee extension at toe-off and reduced hip ROM during the initial (0–5 m) when compared with the final three intervals (5–20 m), and covered a greater distance before reaching maximal normalised stride length than males. The findings from this study may better inform strongman coaches, athletes and strength and conditioning coaches with the biomechanical knowledge to: provide athletes with recommendation on how to perform the yoke walk based on the technique used by experienced strongman athletes; better prescribe exercises to target training adaptations required for improved yoke walk performance; and better coach the yoke walk as a training tool for non-strongman athletes.

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“…While some of these prospective studies have achieved promising pain reductions through hip strengthening and biofeedback-guided gait retraining ( Earl and Hoch, 2011 ; Noehren et al, 2011 ; Willy et al, 2012 ), none of the current interventions considers the movement of the upper body during running. Of all cross-sectional studies comparing running kinematics between males and females, only two investigations considered upper body movement and both demonstrated larger oscillations in pelvic and lumbar axial rotation in female compared to male runners ( Schache et al, 2003 ; Bruening et al, 2020 ). The authors of the most recent report on sex-specific running kinematics speculated that there may be a functional relationship between observed differences in hip, pelvis, and upper body movement but acknowledged that this relationship remains poorly understood ( Bruening et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of all cross-sectional studies comparing running kinematics between males and females, only two investigations considered upper body movement and both demonstrated larger oscillations in pelvic and lumbar axial rotation in female compared to male runners ( Schache et al, 2003 ; Bruening et al, 2020 ). The authors of the most recent report on sex-specific running kinematics speculated that there may be a functional relationship between observed differences in hip, pelvis, and upper body movement but acknowledged that this relationship remains poorly understood ( Bruening et al, 2020 ). A better understanding of sex-specific whole-body movement during running, including the correlation between upper and lower body movement, could enhance the design and effectiveness of gait retraining programs aimed at injury prevention or treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-Specific Hip Movement Is Correlated With Pelvis and Upper Body Rotation During Running

Mohr

Pieper

Löffler

et al. 2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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There is a sex bias for common overuse running injuries that are associated with sex-specific hip kinematics. Gait retraining programs aimed at altering hip kinematics may be more efficient if they incorporated an understanding of how hip kinematics are correlated with the movement of the remaining body segments. We applied a principal component analysis to structure the whole-body running kinematics of 23 runners (12 ♀) into k = 12 principal movements (PMk), describing correlated patterns of upper and lower body movements. We compared the time-dependent movement amplitudes with respect to each PMk between males and females using a waveform analysis and interpreted our findings according to stick figure animations. The movement amplitudes of two PMs (PM6 and PM8) showed statistically significant effects of “sex,” which were independent of running speed. According to PM8, females showed more hip adduction, which correlated with increased transverse rotation of the pelvis and upper body compared to men. We propose that increased hip adduction and upper body rotation in female runners may be a strategy to compensate for a less efficient arm and upper body swing compared to men. Gait interventions aimed at reducing hip adduction and running-related injuries in female runners should consider instructions for both upper and lower body to maximize training efficacy.

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Whole body kinematic sex differences persist across non-dimensional gait speeds

Cited by 29 publications

References 94 publications

Gait Performance as an Indicator of Cognitive Deficit in Older People

Gait Performance as an Indicator of Cognitive Deficit in Older People

The Biomechanical Characteristics of the Strongman Yoke Walk

Sex-Specific Hip Movement Is Correlated With Pelvis and Upper Body Rotation During Running

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