Whole-body cryostimulation increases parasympathetic outflow and decreases core body temperature

Zalewski, Paweł; Bitner, Anna; Słomko, Joanna; Szrajda, Justyna; Klawe, Jacek J.; Tafil-Klawe, Małgorzata; Newton, Julia L.

doi:10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.08.001

Cited by 32 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Interestingly, the authors had set the question whether or not either WBC or CWI were capable of achieving the T sk (<13°C) believed to be required for analgesic purposes (Bleakley and Hopkins, 2010), yet they concluded that this temperature was reached by neither of the two procedures (Costello et al, 2014). Zalewski et al confirmed that the maximum drop in core temperature occurred 50–60 min post-WBC (Zalewski et al, 2014). …”

Section: Technical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…This could be induced by enhanced oxygenation of the working muscles as well as by reduction of cardiovascular strain and increased work economy at submaximal intensities (Krüger et al, 2015). In addition to beneficial effects on inflammation and muscle damage, WBC induces peripheral vasoconstriction, which improves muscle oxygenation (Hornery et al, 2005), lowers submaximal heart rate and increases stroke volume (Zalewski et al, 2014), stimulates autonomic nervous parasympathetic activity and increases norepinephrine (Hausswirth et al, 2013). These effects favor post-exercise recovery and induce analgesia (Krüger et al, 2015).…”

Section: Performance Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Whole-Body Cryotherapy in Athletes: From Therapy to Stimulation. An Updated Review of the Literature

2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Nowadays, whole-body cryotherapy is a medical physical treatment widely used in sports medicine. Recovery from injuries (e.g., trauma, overuse) and after-season recovery are the main purposes for application. However, the most recent studies confirmed the anti-inflammatory, anti-analgesic, and anti-oxidant effects of this therapy by highlighting the underlying physiological responses. In addition to its therapeutic effects, whole-body cryotherapy has been demonstrated to be a preventive strategy against the deleterious effects of exercise-induced inflammation and soreness. Novel findings have stressed the importance of fat mass on cooling effectiveness and of the starting fitness level on the final result. Exposure to the cryotherapy somehow mimics exercise, since it affects myokines expression in an exercise-like fashion, thus opening another possible window on the therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. From a biochemical point of view, whole-body cryotherapy not always induces appreciable modifications, but the final clinical output (in terms of pain, soreness, stress, and post-exercise recovery) is very often improved compared to either the starting condition or the untreated matched group. Also, the number and the frequency of sessions that should be applied in order to obtain the best therapeutic results have been deeply investigated in the last years. In this article, we reviewed the most recent literature, from 2010 until present, in order to give the most updated insight into this therapeutic strategy, whose rapidly increasing use is not always based on scientific assumptions and safety standards.

show abstract

Section: Technical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Performance Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole-Body Cryotherapy in Athletes: From Therapy to Stimulation. An Updated Review of the Literature

2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The physiological benefits of WBC in athletes have been attributed to cold-induced analgesia, reduction of muscle temperature, and suppression of inflammation-derived RONS and cytokines. Studies into the effects of a cold therapy on exercise performance and recovery have reported diverse outcomes ranging from beneficial [11][12][13] through negligible [14][15][16][17] to negative ones [18,19]. Roberts et al [19] indicated that post-exercise cold water immersion could even attenuate acute anabolic signaling and long-term adaptation of muscular system to exercise.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Cryotherapy Attenuates Oxi-Inflammatory Response Following Skeletal Muscle Injury

Zembroń-Łacny

Morawin

Wawrzyniak-Gramacka

et al. 2020

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The oxi-inflammatory response is part of the natural process mobilizing leukocytes and satellite cells that contribute to clearance and regeneration of damaged muscle tissue. In sports medicine, a number of post-injury recovery strategies, such as whole-body cryotherapy (WBC), are used to improve skeletal muscle regeneration often without scientific evidence of their benefits. The study was designed to assess the impact of WBC on circulating mediators of skeletal muscle regeneration. Twenty elite athletes were randomized to WBC group (3-min exposure to −120 °C, twice a day for 7 days) and control group. Blood samples were collected before the first WBC session and 1 day after the last cryotherapy exposure. WBC did not affect the indirect markers of muscle damage but significantly reduced the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (H2O2 and NO) as well as the concentrations of serum interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and C-reactive protein (CRP). The changes in circulating growth factors, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGFBB), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), were also reduced by WBC exposure. The study demonstrated that WBC attenuates the cascade of injury–repair–regeneration of skeletal muscles whereby it may delay skeletal muscle regeneration.

show abstract

“…The endothermic property acts in concert with the physical channels of heat transfer (heat absorption or loss), and as part of the homeothermic processes, to achieve homeostasis of Tb [1]. Both the endothermic and homeothermic functions are coordinated centrally through a Tc set-point by a "thermostat" mechanism in the hypothalamus, which is part of the limbic system in the brain [1,8,129,130] (Figure 1). The limbic system regulates emotions and motivation, which drives behavior to avoid pain and to seek reward.…”

Section: Central Regulation Of Body Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamental Concepts of Human Thermoregulation and Adaptation to Heat: A Review in the Context of Global Warming

Lim

2020

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The international community has recognized global warming as an impending catastrophe that poses significant threat to life on earth. In response, the signatories of the Paris Agreement (2015) have committed to limit the increase in global mean temperature to < 1.5 °C from pre-industry period, which is defined as 1950–1890. Considering that the protection of human life is a central focus in the Paris Agreement, the naturally endowed properties of the human body to protect itself from environmental extremes should form the core of an integrated and multifaceted solution against global warming. Scholars believe that heat and thermoregulation played important roles in the evolution of life and continue to be a central mechanism that allows humans to explore, labor and live in extreme conditions. However, the international effort against global warming has focused primarily on protecting the environment and on the reduction of greenhouse gases by changing human behavior, industrial practices and government policies, with limited consideration given to the nature and design of the human thermoregulatory system. Global warming is projected to challenge the limits of human thermoregulation, which can be enhanced by complementing innate human thermo-plasticity with the appropriate behavioral changes and technological innovations. Therefore, the primary aim of this review is to discuss the fundamental concepts and physiology of human thermoregulation as the underlying bases for human adaptation to global warming. Potential strategies to extend human tolerance against environmental heat through behavioral adaptations and technological innovations will also be discussed. An important behavioral adaptation postulated by this review is that sleep/wake cycles would gravitate towards a sub-nocturnal pattern, especially for outdoor activities, to avoid the heat in the day. Technologically, the current concept of air conditioning the space in the room would likely steer towards the concept of targeted body surface cooling. The current review was conducted using materials that were derived from PubMed search engine and the personal library of the author. The PubMed search was conducted using combinations of keywords that are related to the theme and topics in the respective sections of the review. The final set of articles selected were considered “state of the art,” based on their contributions to the strength of scientific evidence and novelty in the domain knowledge on human thermoregulation and global warming.

show abstract

Whole-body cryostimulation increases parasympathetic outflow and decreases core body temperature

Cited by 32 publications

References 27 publications

Whole-Body Cryotherapy in Athletes: From Therapy to Stimulation. An Updated Review of the Literature

Whole-Body Cryotherapy in Athletes: From Therapy to Stimulation. An Updated Review of the Literature

Multiple Cryotherapy Attenuates Oxi-Inflammatory Response Following Skeletal Muscle Injury

Fundamental Concepts of Human Thermoregulation and Adaptation to Heat: A Review in the Context of Global Warming

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About