Whole body bone mineral content in healthy children and adolescents

Mølgaard, Christian; Thomsen, Birthe Lykke; Prentice, Ann; Cole, Tim; Michaelsen, Kim Fleischer

doi:10.1136/adc.76.1.9

Cited by 309 publications

(225 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…There was no significant drift in calibration. Local precision values for our Centre (in healthy adult subjects, aged 34.6 years are CV = 0.8% for fat mass, CV = 0.5% for lean mass, and CV = 0.6% for BMC (26,27)). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Investigating body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) allows the measurement of fat and lean mass for both total body and regional compartments (22). Furthermore, DXA also allows the measurement of bone mineral content (BMC), which provides an insight into the skeletal health of an athlete (16,26), previously reported as a concern in female athletes (28). To date, no study has investigated the body composition and BMC in female rugby league players.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical Qualities of International Female Rugby League Players by Playing Position

Jones

Emmonds

Hind

et al. 2016

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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The purpose of the current study was to investigate the anthropometric, body composition and fitness characteristics of female rugby league players by playing position. Data were collected on 27 players who were part of the English elite women's rugby league squad. Player assessments comprised anthropometric (stature and body mass), body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and fitness (lower-body power [countermovement jump (CMJ), 20 kg jump squat (JS) and 30 cm drop jump], 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 m sprint, 505 agility, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1) measures. Players were classified into playing position (i.e., forwards and backs) prior to analysis. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) demonstrated significant (p<0.05) differences for body mass, stature, total fat, lean mass and percentage body fat between forwards and backs. Positional differences were also observed for speed, agility and lower-body power. Significant relationships were observed between total body fat and all fitness variables, and total lean mass was related to CMJ and JS peak power. This study provides comparative data for female rugby league forwards and backs. Body fat was strongly associated with performance and should therefore be considered in developing fitness characteristics. The relationship to match performance and trainability of these characteristics warrants further investigation.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Qualities of International Female Rugby League Players by Playing Position

Jones

Emmonds

Hind

et al. 2016

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

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“…As a consequence, aBMD is dependent on bone volume, and bones with the same volumetric density but of different size can have different aBMD (25 -27) . This can be addressed to some extent by adjusting for bone and body size, for example, using a regression method (25) or algorithms (26,28,29) . Because of this volume effect, the interpretation of aBMD in longitudinal studies can be complicated, especially when there are changes in bone size, for example, during growth or, potentially, in pregnancy or lactation.…”

Section: Measures Of Bone Mineral Content Density and Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium economy in human pregnancy and lactation

et al. 2012

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Pregnancy and lactation are times of additional demand for Ca. Ca is transferred across the placenta for fetal skeletal mineralisation, and supplied to the mammary gland for secretion into breast milk. In theory, these additional maternal requirements could be met through mobilisation of Ca from the skeleton, increased intestinal Ca absorption efficiency, enhanced renal Ca retention or greater dietary Ca intake. The extent to which any or all of these apply, the underpinning biological mechanisms and the possible consequences for maternal and infant bone health in the short and long term are the focus of the present review. The complexities in the methodological aspects of interpreting the literature in this area are highlighted and the inter-individual variation in the response to pregnancy and lactation is reviewed. In summary, human pregnancy and lactation are associated with changes in Ca and bone metabolism that support the transfer of Ca between mother and child. The changes generally appear to be independent of maternal Ca supply in populations where Ca intakes are close to current recommendations. Evidence suggests that the processes are physiological in humans and that they provide sufficient Ca for fetal growth and breast-milk production, without relying on an increase in dietary Ca intake or compromising long-term maternal bone health. Further research is needed to determine the limitations of the maternal response to the Ca demands of pregnancy and lactation, especially among mothers with marginal and low dietary Ca intake, and to define vitamin D adequacy for reproductive women.

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“…Nonetheless, it is possible to estimate how much reduced BMD can be attributed to smaller bone size by calculating volumetric BMD. Limited pediatric norms for volumetric BMD have been published (49,(55)(56)(57). An example of a pediatric DXA interpretation is provided in figure 2.…”

Section: Interpreting Pediatric Dual-energy X-raymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this reason, true (volumetric) bone density may be underestimated in patients with smaller bones and overestimated in larger children. Several methods have been proposed to adjust bone mass for the influence of bone size or lean body mass (52)(53)(54)(55). Estimates of volumetric bone density at the spine and femoral neck divide BMC by the estimated volume of bone in the region; total body BMC is corrected for relative height (55).…”

Section: Interpreting Pediatric Dual-energy X-raymentioning

confidence: 99%

Low bone mass in children and adolescents

Borges

Brandão

2006

Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab

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Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural alterations of bone tissue leading to enhanced bone fragility and increased fracture risk. Although research in osteoporosis has focused mainly on the role of bone loss in the elderly population, it is becoming increasingly clear that the amount of bone that is gained during growth is also an important determinant of future resistance to fractures. Thus, considerable interest is being placed on defining preventive strategies that optimize the gain of bone mass during childhood and adolescence. Knowledge of the determinants accounting for the physiologic and genetic variations in bone accumulation in children will provide the best means toward the early diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. This article reviews the techniques available for bone mass measurements in children and the major determinants and diseases influencing bone accretion during childhood and adolescence. RESUMOBaixa Massa Óssea em Crianças e Adolescentes. Osteoporose é uma doença caracterizada pela baixa massa óssea e alterações de micro arquitetura do tecido ósseo, levando ao aumento da fragilidade óssea e aumento do risco de fratura. Apesar da pesquisa em osteoporose ter focalizado principalmente no papel da perda óssea na população idosa, está começando a ficar claro que a quantidade de osso que é ganho durante o crescimento é também um determinante importante de resistência futura para fraturas. Portanto, interesse considerável está sendo colocado na definição de estratégias preventivas que otimizam o ganho de massa óssea durante a infância e adolescência. O conhecimento dos determinantes responsáveis pelas variações fisiológicas e genéticas, na acumulação óssea nas crianças, irá levar aos melhores meios para o diagnóstico precoce e tratamento da osteoporose. Este artigo revê as técnicas disponíveis para a medida da massa óssea em crianças e os maiores determinantes e doenças que influenciam a aquisição óssea durante a infância e adolescência. Descritores: Baixa massa óssea; Medidas da massa óssea; DXA na infân-cia e adolesência; Atualização em DXA; Controvérsia em DXA

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Whole body bone mineral content in healthy children and adolescents

Cited by 309 publications

References 28 publications

Physical Qualities of International Female Rugby League Players by Playing Position

Physical Qualities of International Female Rugby League Players by Playing Position

Calcium economy in human pregnancy and lactation

Low bone mass in children and adolescents

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