Who knew piezoelectricity? Rutherford and Langevin on submarine detection and the invention of sonar

Katzir, Shaul

doi:10.1098/rsnr.2011.0049

Cited by 35 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 2 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In practice, a piezoelectric crystal produces electricity under pressure and exhibits slight movement when an electric field is applied to it 22 . This finding lays the groundwork for subsequent pulse-echo uses during World War I and World War II 23,24 , or as a medical diagnostic tool. In this field, Karl Dussik and his brother the physicist Friederich Dussik, who began their studies in ultrasound in the late 1930s, presented in 1942 the first work with an ultrasound device for medical use to visualize the brain 25 .…”

Section: The Early History In Ultrasoundmentioning

confidence: 59%

Looking under the hide of animals. The history of ultrasound to assess carcass composition and meat quality in farm animals

Silva

Stouffer

2019

Hist. Ciencia Ens.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Resumo O desafio de saber qual a composição de um animal vivo tem sido perseguido de forma incessante desde os anos 50 do século XX. Ao longo deste tempo, diversas técnicas têm sido testadas como comprovam os numerosos trabalhos científicos sobre o tema nas principais revistas de ciência animal. O objetivo central destes trabalhos é a obtenção in vivo de informação sobre características relacionadas com a carcaça e com a qualidade da carne. As técnicas que empregam ultrassons estão entre as que mais sucesso apresentam. Há ao longo da história vários marcos que são pilares no desenvolvimento dos ultrassons. No século XVIII, o padre e biólogo Lazzaro Spallanzani, intrigado com a capacidade de orientação noturna dos morcegos, descobriu a ecolocalização. Em 1880, os irmãos Curie apresentaram as propriedades piezelétricas de determinados cristais. Mais tarde durante e entre as duas grandes guerras mundiais ocorreram inúmeros desenvolvimentos tecnológicos no campo militar, mas também no campo médico relacionados com ultrassons. Durante a década de 50 foram apresentadas utilizações de ultrassons com imagem. Quase simultaneamente a primeira utilização em animais foi realizada em 1956 nos EUA. Desde então ocorreram enormes desenvolvimentos quer nos equipamentos de ultrassons, quer nas imagens e na sua análise. Atualmente os ultrassons são uma ferramenta precisa e objetiva que apresenta um papel relevante para avaliar in vivo características da carcaça e de qualidade da carne de ovinos, suínos e bovinos.Palavras-chave: história, ultrassons, ciência animal, carcaça, qualidade da carne Abstract The challenge of knowing the composition of a living animal has been pursued incessantly since the 1950s. Throughout this time, several techniques have been tested as evidenced by the numerous scientific articles found on the subject in the leading animal science journals. The primary objective of this work is obtaining information in vivo on characteristics related to carcass and meat quality. The techniques that employ ultrasound are among the most successful. Throughout history, several milestones have been found in the development of ultrasound. In the eighteenth century, priest and biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani, intrigued by the nocturnal ability of bats, discovered echolocation. In 1880 the Curie brothers presented the piezoelectric properties of certain crystals. Later during and between the two world wars, numerous ultrasound technological developments occurred in the military field but also the medical field. Ultrasound with imaging was presented during the 1950s. The application of ultrasound to animals has had a very close relationship to medical applications, and almost simultaneously the first use in animals was held in 1956 in the USA. Since then, there have been enormous developments in both the ultrasound equipment and the images and their analysis. Ultrasound is currently an accurate and objective tool that has a relevant role in evaluating in vivo carcass characteristics and meat quality in the main farm species (cattle, swine, goat, sheep and poultry) and fish. Keywords: history, ultrasound, animal science, carcass, meat

show abstract

Section: The Early History In Ultrasoundmentioning

confidence: 59%

Looking under the hide of animals. The history of ultrasound to assess carcass composition and meat quality in farm animals

Silva

Stouffer

2019

Hist. Ciencia Ens.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Due to the desired large bandwidth, preferably in the kHz range, the actuator for microsystem base excitation is based on the design of a Langevin transducer [35,36]. A schematic of this design is shown in Figure 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Setup for Dynamic Analysis of Micro- and Nano-Mechanical Systems in Vacuum, Gas, and Liquid

Brink¹,

Alijani²,

Ghatkesar³

2019

Micromachines

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An experimental setup to perform dynamic analysis of a micro- and nano-mechanical system in vacuum, gas, and liquid is presented. The setup mainly consists of a piezoelectric excitation part and the chamber that can be either evacuated for vacuum, or filled with gas or water. The design of the piezoelectric actuator was based on a Langevin transducer. The chamber is made out of materials that can sustain: vacuum, variety of gases and different types of liquids (mild acids, alkalies, common alcohols and oils). All the experiments were performed on commercial cantilevers used for contact and tapping mode Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) with stiffness 0.2 N/m and 48 N/m, respectively, in vacuum, air and water. The performance of the setup was evaluated by comparing the measured actuator response to a finite element model. The frequency responses of the two AFM cantilevers measured were compared to analytical equations. A vacuum level of 0.6 mbar was obtained. The setup has a bandwidth of 10–550 kHz in vacuum and air, and a bandwidth of 50–550 kHz in liquid. The dynamic responses of the cantilevers show good agreement with theory in all media.

show abstract

“…The invention of the piezoelectric transducer in 1917 made it possible for ships to collect echo soundings, depth measurements calculated by transmitting a pulse of sound through the water column and recording the echo that is reflected from the seafloor (Katzir, 2012). In 1922, the US Navy conducted the first seafloor survey using an echosounder and compared depths measured via echo to those measured via sounding line (Anonymous, 1923).…”

Section: Bathymetrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Sound and the Seafloor: Determining Bathymetry Using Student-Built Acoustic Sensors

Levine¹,

Seroy²,

Grünbaum³

2020

Oceanog

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Who knew piezoelectricity? Rutherford and Langevin on submarine detection and the invention of sonar

Cited by 35 publications

References 2 publications

Looking under the hide of animals. The history of ultrasound to assess carcass composition and meat quality in farm animals

Looking under the hide of animals. The history of ultrasound to assess carcass composition and meat quality in farm animals

Experimental Setup for Dynamic Analysis of Micro- and Nano-Mechanical Systems in Vacuum, Gas, and Liquid

Sound and the Seafloor: Determining Bathymetry Using Student-Built Acoustic Sensors

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About