Who Is the Intermediate Host of RNA Viruses? A Study Focusing on SARS-CoV-2 and Poliovirus

Brogna, Carlo; Bisaccia, Domenico Rocco; Costanzo, Vincenzo; Lettieri, Gennaro; Montano, Luigi; Viduto, Valentina; Fabrowski, Mark; Cristoni, Simone; Prisco, Marina; Piscopo, Marina

doi:10.3390/microorganisms12040643

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 63 publications

(141 reference statements)

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“…Future studies will be needed to elucidate the role of factors involved in reducing superinfections. As extensively discussed by some authors, the bacteriophage behavior of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, which also infects human bacterial flora, is an aspect of great relevance [ 30 , 68 , 69 ]. Genomic assessments of bacteria co-infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus constitute a promising field of research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-Infection of SARS-CoV-2 and Klebsiella pneumoniae: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Chagas,

Araújo,

Serra

et al. 2024

Diagnostics

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The study aimed to assess the prevalence of COVID-19 and Klebsiella spp. coinfection across continents. Conducted following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review utilized PubMed, Embase, SCOPUS, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science databases, searching for literature in English published from December 2019 to December 2022, using specific Health Sciences descriptors. A total of 408 records were identified, but only 50 were eligible, and of these, only 33 were included. Thirty-three references were analyzed to evaluate the correlation between COVID-19 and Klebsiella spp. infections. The tabulated data represented a sample group of 8741 coinfected patients. The findings revealed notable disparities in co-infection rates across continents. In Asia, 23% of individuals were infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae, while in Europe, the proportion of co-infected patients stood at 15%. Strikingly, on the African continent, 43% were found to be infected with Klebsiella pneumoniae, highlighting significant regional variations. Overall, the proportion of Klebsiella pneumoniae co-infections among COVID-positive individuals were determined to be 19%. Particularly concerning was the observation that 1 in 6 ICU coinfections was attributed to Klebsiella pneumoniae, indicating its substantial impact on patient outcomes and healthcare burden. The study underscores the alarming prevalence of co-infection between COVID-19 and Klebsiella pneumoniae, potentially exacerbating the clinical severity of patients and posing challenges to treatment strategies. These findings emphasize the importance of vigilant surveillance and targeted interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of bacterial coinfections in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-Infection of SARS-CoV-2 and Klebsiella pneumoniae: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Chagas,

Araújo,

Serra

et al. 2024

Diagnostics

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Development and characterization of a multimeric recombinant protein using the spike protein receptor binding domain as an antigen to induce SARS‐CoV‐2 neutralization

de Lima,

Nunes,

Rosa

et al. 2024

Immunity Inflam & Disease

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BackgroundSARS‐CoV2 virus, responsible for the COVID‐19 pandemic, has four structural proteins and 16 nonstructural proteins. S‐protein is one of the structural proteins exposed on the virus surface and is the main target for producing neutralizing antibodies and vaccines. The S‐protein forms a trimer that can bind the angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) through its receptor binding domain (RBD) for cell entry.AimsThe goal of this study was to express in HEK293 cells a new RBD recombinant protein in a constitutive and stable manner in order to use it as an alternative immunogen and diagnostic tool for COVID‐19.Materials & MethodsThe protein was designed to contain an immunoglobulin signal sequence, an explanded C‐terminal section of the RBD, a region responsible for the bacteriophage T4 trimerization inducer, and six histidines in the pCDNA‐3.1 plasmid. Following transformation, the cells were selected with geneticin‐G418 and purified from serum‐fre culture supernatants using Ni2+‐agarand size exclusion chromatography. The protein was structurally identified by cross‐linking and circular dichroism experiments, and utilized to immunize mice in conjuction with AS03 or alum adjuvants. The mice sera were examined for antibody recognition, receptor‐binding inhibition, and virus neutralization, while spleens were evaluated for γ‐interferon production in the presence of RBD.ResultsThe protein released in the culture supernatant of cells, and exhibited a molecular mass of 135 kDa with a secondary structure like the monomeric and trimeric RBD. After purification, it formed a multimeric structure comprising trimers and hexamers, which were able to bind the ACE2 receptor. It generated high antibody titers in mice when combined with AS03 adjuvant (up to 1:50,000). The sera were capable of inhibiting binding of biotin‐labeled ACE2 to the virus S1 subunit and could neutralize the entry of the Wuhan virus strain into cells at dilutions up to 1:2000. It produced specific IFN‐γ producing cells in immunized mouse splenocytes.DiscussionOur data describe a new RBD containing protein, forming trimers and hexamers, which are able to induce a protective humoral and cellular response against SARS‐CoV2.ConclusionThese results add a new arsenal to combat COVID‐19, as an alternative immunogen or antigen for diagnosis.

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Reply to the letter of Thiruchelvam K. et al

Brogna,

Piscopo

2024

Journal of Medical Virology

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Who Is the Intermediate Host of RNA Viruses? A Study Focusing on SARS-CoV-2 and Poliovirus

Cited by 3 publications

References 63 publications

Co-Infection of SARS-CoV-2 and Klebsiella pneumoniae: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Co-Infection of SARS-CoV-2 and Klebsiella pneumoniae: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Development and characterization of a multimeric recombinant protein using the spike protein receptor binding domain as an antigen to induce SARS‐CoV‐2 neutralization

Reply to the letter of Thiruchelvam K. et al

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