WHO code of practice on the international recruitment of health personnel

Dayrit, Manuel M; Taylor, Alynn; Yan, Jean; Braichet, Jean-Marc; Zurn, Pascal; Shainblum, Esther

doi:10.2471/blt.08.058578

Cited by 19 publications

(22 citation statements)

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“…Specific efforts to reverse these trends include a focus on providing access to medical training to students from low-resource settings, as exemplified by the Latin American School of Medicine (ELAM) in Cuba, and efforts to develop paediatric residency programmes in low-income and middle-income countries 30 31. Additional efforts to improve salaries, work environments and career opportunities may also be effective means of decreasing external migration and encouraging a trend towards a more equitable distribution of paediatricians globally 32–34…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Where are the paediatricians? An international survey to understand the global paediatric workforce

Harper

Nganga

Armstrong

et al. 2019

bmjpo

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ObjectiveOur primary objective was to examine the global paediatric workforce and to better understand geographic differences in the number of paediatricians globally. Secondary objectives were to describe paediatric workforce expectations, who provides children with preventative care and when children transition out of paediatric care.DesignSurvey of identified paediatric leaders in each country.SettingPaediatric association leaders worldwide.Main outcome measuresPaediatrician numbers, provision of primary care for children, age of transition to adult care.ResultsResponses were obtained from 121 countries (73% of countries approached). The number of paediatricians per 100 000 children ranged from a median of 0.5 (IQR 0.3–1.4) in low-income countries to 72 (IQR 4–118) in high-income countries. Africa and South-East Asia reported the lowest paediatrician density (median of 0.8 paediatricians per 100 000 children, IQR 0.4–2.6 and median of 4, IQR 3–9, respectively) and fewest paediatricians entering the workforce. 82% of countries reported transition to adult care by age 18% and 39% by age 15. Most countries (91%) but only 64% of low-income countries reported provision of paediatric preventative care (p<0.001, Cochran-Armitage trend test). Systems of primary care provision varied widely. A majority of countries (63%) anticipated increases in their paediatric workforce in the next decade.ConclusionsPaediatrician density mirrors known inequities in health provider distribution. Fewer paediatricians are entering the workforce in areas with already low paediatrician density, which may exacerbate disparities in child health outcomes. In some regions, children transition to adult care during adolescence, with implications for healthcare training and delivery. Paediatrician roles are heterogeneous worldwide, and country-specific strategies should be used to address inequity in child health provision.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Where are the paediatricians? An international survey to understand the global paediatric workforce

Harper

Nganga

Armstrong

et al. 2019

bmjpo

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“…17 In 2010, WHO introduced a code of practice for moral guidance of recruiting the workforces for health sector. 18 In this code, member countries were encouraged to collaborate in improving research programs about migration of the healthcare forces. 18 Given the importance of migration of physicians and dentists on global burden of disease as the key members of healthcare provider teams, studies focused on rate and reasons of health professional migration through modeling were limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing the migration intention of health professionals in low and middle income countries: Critical review with a theoretical model

Hajian

Yazdani

Jadidfard

et al. 2020

J. Contemp. Med. Sci.

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Objective Migration of healthcare workers could result in shortage of human resources and rising inequalities in service provision in resource poor countries. The aim of this review was to determine the factors influencing the migration decisions of medical and dental graduates migrating from low- and middle-income countries as well as introducing a practical model for health professional’s migration. Methods Google Scholar and PubMed were searched together with relevant journals for English studies from January 2005 to January 2020. The original studies which evaluated the motivational factors of dental and medical graduates migrating from low or middle income countries were included. The migration model was developed by investigating the factors and frameworks of selected studies. Results Twenty-five articles were met the inclusion criteria. Push and pull theory was the most popular way to describe the driving factors of migration. These factors were classified into three macro-, meso- and micro-level with eight key domains. Poor income, unfavorable socio-economic situation, political instability, lack of professional and educational opportunities together with family and personal concerns found as strong common reasons perpetuating migration. Conclusion Despite the fact that health workers migrate for different reasons, they follow a same route for decision to stay or leave their home countries. Un-fulfillment of expectations in mother land in addition to media reconstructed reality of life in foreign land can develop a positive attitude for better quality of life improvement after migration. Once individuals could overpass their national identity and barriers of migration, the final decision toward migration would be more feasible.

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“…Observers of health professional mobility in Europe have noted three developments taking place over the last decade: the numerical increase in mobility; the persistent or growing reliance of some countries on foreign inflows of doctors and/or nurses; and the diversity of migratory patterns and behaviours (Dayrit et al, 2008;Humphries et al, 2013;Ribeiro et al, 2014;Wismar, Maier, Glinos, Dussault, & Figueras, 2011). 1 At the same time, awareness and concern are mounting about an imminent global health workforce crisis: according to European Commission estimates, the EU will face a shortage of 970,000 health professionals by 2020 implying that ca.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The global scale of the problem implies that numerous countries are affected and that low-income and high-income countries compete for qualified health professionals. There are serious concerns that health workforce migration is contributing to severe shortages of qualified personnel in lower-income countries, often where the needs are greatest (Dayrit et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These developments have contributed to placing health professional mobility on the policy agenda. At the global level, the Member States of the World Health Organization adopted the WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel in May 2010 (only the second non-binding code in the history of the WHO since the adoption in 1980 of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (Dayrit et al, 2008)) (WHO, 2010). At the EU level, the European Commission's Action Plan for the EU health workforce published in 2012 (European Commission, 2012) and the Joint Action on Health Workforce Planning and Forecasting launched a year later (European Commission, 2013) signal an increasing recognition of the need to factor incoming and outgoing flows into decisions on the planning and production of health workforce.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Going beyond numbers: A typology of health professional mobility inside and outside the European Union

Glinos

2014

Policy and Society

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In a context of current and forecasted global health workforce shortages, attention around health professional mobility is mounting as observers and policy makers recognise its role in supplying health systems with the workforce they dependent on to function, or depleting these systems of their doctors and nurses. The paper proposes a typology of health professional mobility composed of six types of mobile health professionals and three types of borders. The framework draws attention to the individual's decision to migrate and to the role laws and borders play as determinants for mobility opportunities. In doing so, the typology is able to identify which types of mobile health professionals are likely to escape data collection, to highlight the distinction between free mobility within the EU and migration outside the EU's external borders, and to act as tool for designing policies adapted to the diversity of health professional mobility.

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WHO code of practice on the international recruitment of health personnel

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Where are the paediatricians? An international survey to understand the global paediatric workforce

Where are the paediatricians? An international survey to understand the global paediatric workforce

Factors influencing the migration intention of health professionals in low and middle income countries: Critical review with a theoretical model

Going beyond numbers: A typology of health professional mobility inside and outside the European Union

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