“…Most recently from Gita Gopinath, the present Chief Economist of the International Monetary Fund lauded the JAM infrastructure (NDTV, 2021). However, scholars studying e-governance in India have also shown that while the government's rhetoric on such technologies is overly optimistic, as now the entire service delivery process becomes traceable, public officials seldom take into consideration the infrastructural disadvantages such as limited Internet connection or the problems that a complex technological interface poses for various sections of people, especially those they seek to include (see for example Mudliar, 2020;. In the case of demonetisation too, several of the critiques of this policy, including by Indian economists such as Amartya Sen, Jayati Ghosh, CP Chandrasekhar and Prabhat Patnaik, ex-Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh and ex-governor of the central Reserve Bank of India and ex-Chief Economist of the IMF, Raghuram Rajan (Business Today, 2016;Ghosh, Chandrasekhar and Patnaik, 2017), pointed out how limited access to digital infrastructure could negatively affect small and medium size enterprises as well as other sections of India's heavily cash-based economy.…”