White light employing luminescent engineered large (mega) Stokes shift molecules: a review

Chan, Nadia Nabihah Mohd Yusof; Idris, Azila; Abidin, Zamri Zainal; Tajuddin, Hairul Anuar; Abdullah, Zanariah

doi:10.1039/d1ra00129a

Cited by 49 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 160 publications

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“…[11] The standard colorimetric system, set up by the Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) in 1931, [12] correlates two coordinates (x, y) to all colors with the ideal white light emission corresponding to the energy point with CIE coordinates of (0.33, 0.33). [13] To obtain WLE, one can mix the three primary colors (red, green and blue, RGB) in a given proportion, or two complementary lights (orange or yellow with blue) as long as the connection line of their coordinates lies across the white light region. [14] Therefore, researchers may develop a single white emissive molecule, [11,15] or combine molecules with different emissive wavelengths in a single mixture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Kasha's rule, photons can only be emitted from the lowest singlet or triplet excited states and since white light emission (WLE) covers 400–800 nm, it is very difficult to obtain WLE from a single molecule [11] . The standard colorimetric system, set up by the Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) in 1931, [12] correlates two coordinates (x, y) to all colors with the ideal white light emission corresponding to the energy point with CIE coordinates of (0.33, 0.33) [13] . To obtain WLE, one can mix the three primary colors (red, green and blue, RGB) in a given proportion, or two complementary lights (orange or yellow with blue) as long as the connection line of their coordinates lies across the white light region [14] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aggregation‐Induced Emission Leading to White Light Emission in Diphenylbenzofulvene Derivatives

Rodrigues

Peixoto

Gomes

et al. 2022

Chemistry A European J

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The search for a unique molecular system able to efficiently emit in the total visible range of the electromagnetic spectra, i. e., white light emission (WLE), is a topic of intense research. We here show that aggregates formed by diphenylbenzofulvene (DPBF) derivatives are from two to four orders of magnitude more emissive than their monomers. From a simple strategy, involving structural modification of a DPBF propelled shape core, a close match with the pure white light emission coordinates is obtained with a combination of two derivatives in films, with featured solid‐state emission, without involvement of D−A groups or energy transfer processes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aggregation‐Induced Emission Leading to White Light Emission in Diphenylbenzofulvene Derivatives

Rodrigues

Peixoto

Gomes

et al. 2022

Chemistry A European J

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show abstract

“…All IR spectra are reported in wavenumber (cm −1 ) units. 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (400 MHz) and 13 C NMR (100 MHz) spectra were acquired using an AVANCE III 400 NMR spectrometer (Bruker, Rheinstetten, Germany) in chloroform-d (CDCl 3 ) solution, and the chemical shifts were reported in parts per million (ppm) based on the residual protons or carbon in the NMR solvent. 19 F NMR (376 MHz) spectra were acquired using an AVANCE III 400 NMR spectrometer (Bruker, Rheinstetten, Germany) in CDCl 3 solution with CFCl 3 (δ F = 0 ppm) as an internal standard.…”

Section: Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous luminescent substances exist that can be used in various applications, such as bioimaging probes [1,2], biosensors [2,3], light-emitting diodes [4][5][6], and lighting devices [4][5][6]. Luminescent materials can be divided into two classes according to the physical state of the luminophores: solution-state luminophores and solid-state luminophores.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unsymmetrical Hexafluorocyclopentene-Linked Twisted π-Conjugated Molecules as Dual-State Emissive Luminophores

et al. 2021

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Dual-state emissive (DSE) luminophores, which can luminesce both in solution and in solid states, have recently attracted significant attention because of their broad applications. However, their development is difficult due to the difference in molecular design between solution- and solid-state luminophores. In this study, DSE luminophores based on unsymmetrical hexafluorocyclopentene-linked twisted π-conjugated structures carrying various substituents to tune the electron-density were designed and synthesized in a single-step reaction from heptafluorocyclopentene or perfluoro-1,2-diphenylcyclopentene derivatives. The twisted π-conjugated luminophores exhibited absorption in the UV region at approximately 330 nm, along with several signals in the high-energy region. Upon irradiating the luminophore solution (wavelength 330 nm), light-green to yellow photoluminescence (PL) was observed in the range of 422–471 nm with high PL efficiency. Theoretical calculations revealed that excitation from ground to excited states altered the structural shape of the luminophores from twisted to planar, leading to red-shifted PL and high PL efficiency (ΦPL). The intense blue PL exhibited by the luminophores in the crystalline state was attributed to their twisted molecular structures that suppressed non-radiative deactivation via the effective blocking of π/π stacking interactions.

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“…The development of organic fluorophores with large Stokes shifts is a growing area of scientific research with tremendous technological potential. The moniker “mega” Stokes shift was first used in 2010 to describe fluorophores with Stokes shifts of greater than 100 nm, and the set of molecules that fit this criterion has recently been reviewed . However, this definition of a large Stokes shift is somewhat misleading.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond “Mega”: Origin of the “Giga” Stokes Shift for Triazolopyridiniums

2022

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Over the past decade, fluorophores that exhibit "mega" Stokes shifts, defined to be Stokes shifts of greater than 100 nm, have gained considerable attention due to their potential technological applications. A subset of these fluorophores have Stokes shifts of at least 10,000 cm −1 , for whom we suggest the moniker "giga" Stokes shift. The majority of "giga" Stokes shifts reported in the literature arise from the twisted intramolecular charge transfer mechanism, but this mechanism does not fit empirical characterization of triazolopyridinium (TOP). This observation inspired a density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT study of TOP, and several related fluorophores, to elucidate the novel photophysical origin for the "giga" Stokes shift of TOP. The resulting computational models revealed that photoexcitation of TOP yields a zwitterionic excited state that undergoes significant structural relaxation prior to emission. Most notably, TOP has two orthogonal moieties in the ground state that adopt a coplanar geometry in the excited state. According to Huckel's rule, both the heterocycle and phenyl moieties of TOP should be aromatic in an orthogonal ground state. However, according to Baird's rule, these individual moieties should be anti-aromatic in the excited state. By relaxing to a coplanar conformation in the excited state, TOP likely forms a single aromatic system consisting of both the heterocycle and phenyl moieties.

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White light employing luminescent engineered large (mega) Stokes shift molecules: a review

Abstract: Illustration of white light designated with the 1931-CIE coordinate of (0.33, 0.33), and photophysical mechanisms that contribute to large Stoke shift molecules.

Cited by 49 publications

References 160 publications

Aggregation‐Induced Emission Leading to White Light Emission in Diphenylbenzofulvene Derivatives

Aggregation‐Induced Emission Leading to White Light Emission in Diphenylbenzofulvene Derivatives

Unsymmetrical Hexafluorocyclopentene-Linked Twisted π-Conjugated Molecules as Dual-State Emissive Luminophores

Beyond “Mega”: Origin of the “Giga” Stokes Shift for Triazolopyridiniums

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