White-light channeled imaging polarimeter using broadband polarization gratings

Kudenov, Michael W.; Escuti, Michael J.; Dereniak, Eustace L.; Oka, Koichi

doi:10.1364/ao.50.002283

Cited by 121 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Note that κα and κβ are constant with wavelength meaning that the carrier frequencies are independent of the illumination's temporal coherence length. This is directly analogous to [8] in that the shear depends linearly on the wavelength. Meanwhile, the complex coefficients A k x; y represent summations of Mueller matrix elements while A a k argA k x; y.…”

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confidence: 90%

“…Misregistration is also caused by systematic errors, such as beam-wander from the rotating optical elements. This further increases the complexity in applications where MM imaging polarimetry may be beneficial, especially for in vivo biomedical imaging of scenes with low inherent contrast [6].To eliminate the need for image registration and capture all information in a single measurement (i.e., a snapshot), we propose to combine a technique for channeled Mueller matrix spectropolarimetry [7] with an imaging channeled polarimeter based on polarization gratings (PGs) [8,9]. The layout of the snapshot imaging Mueller matrix polarimeter (SIMMP) is depicted in Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Lastly, the linear polarizer (P 2 ) enables intensity fringes to be localized onto the focal plane array (FPA) by the re-imaging lens f 4 . The functional form of the intensity distribution on the FPA was calculated using a combination of Mueller calculus and scalar diffraction theory [8,12]. The irradiance at the FPA, assuming that f 1 f 2 f 3 f 4 , becomes…”

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confidence: 99%

“…To eliminate the need for image registration and capture all information in a single measurement (i.e., a snapshot), we propose to combine a technique for channeled Mueller matrix spectropolarimetry [7] with an imaging channeled polarimeter based on polarization gratings (PGs) [8,9]. The layout of the snapshot imaging Mueller matrix polarimeter (SIMMP) is depicted in Fig.…”

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Snapshot imaging Mueller matrix polarimeter using polarization gratings

Kudenov

Escuti

Hagen³

et al. 2012

Opt. Lett.

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A snapshot imaging Mueller matrix polarimeter (SIMMP) is theoretically described and empirically demonstrated through simulation. Spatial polarization fringes are localized onto a sample by incorporating polarization gratings (PGs) into a polarization generator module. These fringes modulate the Mueller matrix (MM) components of the sample, which are subsequently isolated with PGs in an analyzer module. The MM components are amplitude modulated onto spatial carrier frequencies which, due to the PGs, maintain high visibility in spectrally broadband illumination. An interference model of the SIMMP is provided, followed by methods of reconstruction and calibration. Lastly, a numerical simulation is used to demonstrate the system's performance in the presence of noise. . A sample's MM is often characterized by time-sequentially changing the polarization state of both the generated and analyzed light using rotating polarization elements. By measuring the intensity under at least 16 unique combinations of generated and analyzed polarization states, the 16 Mueller matrix components can be calculated. However, more measurements are often taken to increase the measured signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and to optimize the condition number of the system's measurement matrix [4,5]. Since a conventional MM imaging polarimeter uses temporal scanning, intensity variations caused by sample motion must be minimized and often require an image registration scheme [6]. Misregistration is also caused by systematic errors, such as beam-wander from the rotating optical elements. This further increases the complexity in applications where MM imaging polarimetry may be beneficial, especially for in vivo biomedical imaging of scenes with low inherent contrast [6].To eliminate the need for image registration and capture all information in a single measurement (i.e., a snapshot), we propose to combine a technique for channeled Mueller matrix spectropolarimetry [7] with an imaging channeled polarimeter based on polarization gratings (PGs) [8,9]. The layout of the snapshot imaging Mueller matrix polarimeter (SIMMP) is depicted in Fig. 1. It contains both a generator and analyzer module. In the generator module, the source is either spatially incoherent quasi-monochromatic light or spectrally broadband illumination that is collimated by lens f 1 . Transmission of this light through the linear polarizer (P 1 ) makes the incident normalized Stokes vector S in S 0;in x; y∕2 1 0 1 0 T , where the superscript T represents the transpose operation and S 0;in is the total incident power. Transmission of this light through PGs L 1 through L 4 enables the second re-imaging lens (f 2 ) to localize polarization interference fringes [10,11] onto the sample. These fringes modulate the Mueller matrix Mx; y of the sample by two spatial carrier frequencies, the field of which is then collimated by lens f 3 into the analyzing optics. It should be mentioned that Mx; y is assumed to have no wavelength dependence over the spectral range of the measurement. The 4 beams...

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Snapshot imaging Mueller matrix polarimeter using polarization gratings

Kudenov

Escuti

Hagen³

et al. 2012

Opt. Lett.

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“…They have concluded that these IR iridescent features have a structural origin at the micrometer level. These authors have performed hyperspectral reflectance polarization imaging [26][27][28] of the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) demonstrating that IR iridescence persists in the entire bird [25].…”

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Classification of peacock feather reflectance using principal component analysis similarity factors from multispectral imaging data

Medina¹,

Díaz²,

Vukusic³

2015

Opt. Express

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Iridescent structural colors in biology exhibit sophisticated spatially-varying reflectance properties that depend on both the illumination and viewing angles. The classification of such spectral and spatial information in iridescent structurally colored surfaces is important to elucidate the functional role of irregularity and to improve understanding of color pattern formation at different length scales. In this study, we propose a non-invasive method for the spectral classification of spatial reflectance patterns at the micron scale based on the multispectral imaging technique and the principal component analysis similarity factor (PCASF). We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach and its component methods by detailing its use in the study of the angle-dependent reflectance properties of Pavo cristatus (the common peacock) feathers, a species of peafowl very well known to exhibit bright and saturated iridescent colors. We show that multispectral reflectance imaging and PCASF approaches can be used as effective tools for spectral recognition of iridescent patterns in the visible spectrum and provide meaningful information for spectral classification of the irregularity of the microstructure in iridescent plumage.

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Ultrafast Laser‐Induced Metasurfaces for Geometric Phase Manipulation

Drevinskas

Beresna

Zhang

et al. 2016

Advanced Optical Materials

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1 of 7) 1600575 direct laser writing, as opposed to longer pulses, is that they can rapidly deposit energy in solids with high precision. The light is absorbed and the optical excitation ends before the surrounding lattice is perturbed, which results in highly localized nanostructuring without collateral material damage. [19,20] First observation of laser-induced periodic surface structures dates back to the 1960s, when Birnbaum reported ripple formation on the surface of semiconductors. [21] Since then, this phenomenon was observed on virtually any type of media including metal, semiconductor, dielectric solids, and thin films. [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Processing conditions occurred to be broad with wavelengths ranging from the mid-infrared to visible spectrum and from continuous wave operation to femtosecond laser systems. A vast number of applications, including coloration, [30] control of surface chemical and mechanical properties, [31,32] have been proposed.More than a decade ago, Bricchi and Kazansky demonstrated that femtosecond laser pulses focused inside silica glass can lead to self-assembled nanogratings, which exhibit birefringence comparable to quartz crystals. [33] Later, the tailored surface nanogratings were introduced showing the threefold birefringence increase. [34] Thus, a functional birefringent layer should be at least several tens of micrometers thick. For most applications such a thickness is appropriate. However, this limits the design and integration of miniaturized elements.To realize the laser-induced nanogratings as functional metasurfaces, the intermediate case between volume and surface periodic structuring has to be implemented when the modification of high-index thin films along its depth would significantly enhance the resulting anisotropy. Here we demonstrate that the interaction of femtosecond laser pulses with hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin films induces self-assembled periodic lamellae structures oriented perpendicular to the incident beam polarization. These films with the induced subwavelength modulation of refractive index behave as a uniaxial birefringent material with the slow axis oriented parallel to the imprinted nanogratings. Thus, the form birefringence of two orders of magnitude higher than in silica glass can be achieved. [18,[33][34][35] As a result, large retardation is realized within hundreds of times thinner layers (Figure 1a) that can be deposited on various substrates with different textures.We leverage the realization of laser-induced periodic thinfilm structures as a highly birefringent metasurface to design controllable and high precision GPOEs. Here we report on demonstration of various geometric phase designs including arrays of polarization microconverters and microlenses, polarization gratings (PGs) and computer-generated holograms with phase gradients reaching up to ≈1 rad µm −1 .In order to identify the maximum birefringence of the laser-induced periodic thin-film structures, 80 µm long lines

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White-light channeled imaging polarimeter using broadband polarization gratings

Cited by 121 publications

References 22 publications

Snapshot imaging Mueller matrix polarimeter using polarization gratings

Snapshot imaging Mueller matrix polarimeter using polarization gratings

Classification of peacock feather reflectance using principal component analysis similarity factors from multispectral imaging data

Ultrafast Laser‐Induced Metasurfaces for Geometric Phase Manipulation

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