White etching bands formation mechanisms due to rolling contact fatigue

Laithy, Mostafa El; Wang, Ling; Harvey, Terry J.; Schwedt, Alexander; Vierneusel, Bernd; Mayer, Joachim

doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2022.117932

Cited by 22 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…A close look of the DER in a 104 million cycles sample has shown that the dark etching areas relate to the bands (Figure 6). It is also noticed that adjacent to the dark etching bands, some bright or white structures are seen, (yellow arrows in Figure 6b-e), which are thought to be a form of carbides due to their high resistance to etching, which is similar to that of the lenticular carbides in WEBs [27].…”

Section: Der Evolution Overviewmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…DER formed in 100Cr6 at different stress cycles are shown in the optical images of the axial cuts of the bearings in Figure 1. It can be seen that, from small to large stress cycles (Figure 1a to e), the DER appearing in sickle shape grows slightly, however it is seen to be influenced by the growth of a bright region above the sickle due to formation of WEB [10,27]. Additionally, the boundary of the DER is not very sharp, i.e.…”

Section: Der Evolution Overviewmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…While a link between the formation of LAB and HAB is established as a form of repetitive cycle of energy buildup and release within steel microstructures [27], no publication has shown a direct link between DERs and the initiation of LABs. This study aims to investigate the formation mechanism and evolution of DERs and clarify their hardness through the analysis of early and late-stage DERs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanistic Study of Dark Etching Regions in Bearing Steels Due to Rolling Contact Fatigue

et al. 2022

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Section: Der Evolution Overviewmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Der Evolution Overviewmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Mechanistic Study of Dark Etching Regions in Bearing Steels Due to Rolling Contact Fatigue

et al. 2022

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“…Based on the growth pattern of WEBs, it was suggested that the WEBs formation is mainly driven by the diffusion process. In a recent mechanistic study [ 107 ], it was reported that both LABs and HABs arise due to recrystallisation from energy build-up in the initial microstructure, which later transforms to the elongated ferrite grains via the grain rotation/coalescence recovery mechanism owing to subsurface plasticity. Mustafa et al [ 17 ] suggested that HABs are formed in the densely formed areas of LABs.…”

Section: Microstructural Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multiscale Overview of Modelling Rolling Cyclic Fatigue in Bearing Elements

Abdullah

Khan

2022

Materials

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During service, bearing components experience rolling cyclic fatigue (RCF), resulting in subsurface plasticity and decay of the parent microstructure. The accumulation of micro strains spans billions of rolling cycles, resulting in the continuous evolution of the bearing steel microstructure. The bearing steel composition, non-metallic inclusions, continuously evolving residual stresses, and substantial work hardening, followed by subsurface softening, create further complications in modelling bearing steel at different length scales. The current study presents a multiscale overview of modelling RCF in terms of plastic deformation and the corresponding microstructural alterations. This article investigates previous models to predict microstructural alterations and material hardening approaches widely adopted to mimic the cyclic hardening response of the evolved bearing steel microstructure. This review presents state-of-the-art, relevant reviews in terms of this subject and provides a robust academic critique to enhance the understanding of the elastoplastic response of bearing steel under non-proportional loadings, damage evolution, and the formation mechanics of microstructural alterations, leading to the increased fatigue life of bearing components. It is suggested that a multidisciplinary approach at various length scales is required to fully understand the micromechanical and metallurgical response of bearing steels widely used in industry. This review will make significant contributions to novel design methodologies and improved product design specifications to deliver the durability and reliability of bearing elements.

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“…References [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ] also predicted the wear, friction, oil film thickness, and lubrication of high-performance bearings through mathematical models. El Laithy et al [ 19 ] carried out detailed mechanical research through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and nanoindentation analysis, showing the evolution of ferrite grains (equiaxed grains and elongated grains) and the carbide structure in the network formed in the inner ring of the angular-contact ball bearings at different life stages. Abdullah et al [ 20 ] analyzed and reported for the first time the bearing ball-to-ball point-contact loading conditions through comprehensive rolling-contact fatigue (RCF) data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multidimensional Study on the Wear of High-Speed, High-Temperature, Heavy-Load Bearings

et al. 2023

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The friction and wear performance of high-performance bearings directly affects the accuracy and maneuverability of weapons and equipment. In this study, high-speed, high-temperature, and heavy-load durability experiments of weapon bearings were carried out, and their wear properties (i.e., surface wear, metamorphic layer, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), residual stress, and retained austenite) were analyzed in multiple dimensions. The results showed the following: (1) The experimental temperature of the serviced front-end bearing is always lower than that of the rear bearing. (2) The metamorphic layer of the serviced rear bearing (i.e., inner ring, outer ring, rolling body, and cage) > the metamorphic layer of the serviced front-end bearing > the metamorphic layer of the unserviced bearing. (3) The rolling body of the rear bearing at high experimental temperatures contains not only elemental O, but also elemental P and Sr. (4) In the EDS analysis of the rolling elements, with the migration from the “ball edge” to the “ball center”, the elemental C in the rolling elements of serviced or unserviced bearings decreases slowly, while the elemental Fe content increases slowly.

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White etching bands formation mechanisms due to rolling contact fatigue

Cited by 22 publications

References 27 publications

Mechanistic Study of Dark Etching Regions in Bearing Steels Due to Rolling Contact Fatigue

Mechanistic Study of Dark Etching Regions in Bearing Steels Due to Rolling Contact Fatigue

A Multiscale Overview of Modelling Rolling Cyclic Fatigue in Bearing Elements

Multidimensional Study on the Wear of High-Speed, High-Temperature, Heavy-Load Bearings

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