Whiplash Produces an S-Shaped Curvature of the Neck With Hyperextension at Lower Levels

Grauer, Jonathan N.; Panjabi, Manohar M.; Cholewicki, Jacek; Nibu, Kimio; Dvořák, Jiří

doi:10.1097/00007632-199711010-00005

Cited by 216 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Also, after 1 year it was observed that considerable headache was more frequent in the group with traumatic findings (OR 2.8; 95 CI 0. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] and this group had a higher median headache intensity (Table 6). These above mentioned associations were not significant and the group did not differ otherwise from other participants ( Table 7).…”

Section: Associations Between Mri Findings and Outcomementioning

confidence: 99%

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Are early MRI findings correlated with long-lasting symptoms following whiplash injury? A prospective trial with 1-year follow-up

et al. 2008

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Neck pain is the cardinal symptom following whiplash injuries. The trauma mechanism could theoretically lead to both soft tissue and bone injury that could be visualised by means of MRI. From previous quite small trials it seems that MRI does not demonstrate significant tissue damage. Large prospectively followed cohorts are needed to identify possible clinically relevant MRI findings. The objective of this trial was to evaluate (1) the predictive value of cervical MRI after whiplash injuries and (2) the value of repeating MRI examinations after 3 months including sequences with flexion and extension of the cervical spine. Participants were included after rearend or frontal car collisions. Patients with fractures or dislocations diagnosed by standard procedures at the emergency unit were not included. MRI scans of the cervical spine were performed at baseline and repeated after 3 months. Clinical follow-ups were performed after 3 and 12 months. Outcome parameters were neck pain, headache, neck disability and working ability. A total of 178 participants had a cervical MRI scan on average 13 days after the injury. Traumatic findings were observed in seven participants. Signs of disc degeneration were common and most frequent at the C5-6 and C6-7 levels. Findings were not associated with outcome after 3 or 12 months. The population had no considerable neck trouble prior to the whiplash injury and the non-traumatic findings represent findings to be expected in the background population. Trauma-related MRI findings are rare in a whiplash population screened for serious injuries in the emergency unit and not related to a specific symptomatology. Also, pre-existing degeneration is not associated with prognosis.

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Section: Associations Between Mri Findings and Outcomementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This mechanism of injury most often occurs in relation to car collisions, and both in frontal and rear-end impacts the cervical spine is subject to non-physiological stress loading [12,28]. The cardinal symptom following whiplash injuries is neck pain.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Are early MRI findings correlated with long-lasting symptoms following whiplash injury? A prospective trial with 1-year follow-up

et al. 2008

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“…In an effort to validate the model for rear-end impacts the model has been used to simulate the benchtop trauma sled experiments conducted by Panjabi and co-workers [11,[23][24][25] performed using isolated cervical spine specimens. These studies used cadaveric cervical spine specimens stripped of all non-ligamentous soft tissues mounted to a bench top sled device where an acceleration pulse is applied to the base of the specimen to reproduce whiplash trauma.…”

Section: Simulation Of Whiplashmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The heads inertia can lead to a situation of high shear in the top of the neck causing overstretching of the ligaments and joint capsules while non-physiological levels of extension in the lower neck can have potentially damaging effects on the anterior soft tissues. Many of the soft-tissue components of the neck have been identified as possible injury sites [9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A computational model of the human head and neck system for the analysis of whiplash motion

Lopik¹,

Acar²

2004

International Journal of Crashworthiness

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A computational model of the human head and neck system for the analysis of whiplash motion Abstract -This paper presents the development and validation of a three-dimensional multi-body model of the human head and neck for the study of whiplash motion. The model has been validated against experimental data for small and large static loading conditions. The resulting main and coupled displacements of the individual motion segments have been shown to be accurate and the moment generating capacity of the neck muscle elements realistic. The model has been used for the dynamic simulation of impacts in frontal, lateral and rear-end directions. For rear-end impacts the characteristics of 'whiplash' motion have been accurately reproduced in terms of head and vertebral kinematics The model results with active musculature suggest that, for rear-end impact, the influence of active muscle response is unable to significantly alter the head and neck kinematics of an initially unaware occupant but will affect the forces developed in the cervical soft-tissues.

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“…Various anatomical structures have been identified as potential injury sites, with many recent investigations focusing on the facet joint [1,7,19,21]. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that the lower cervical spine hyperextends during the initial phase of whiplash [12,18]. While hyperextension may cause facet joint compression injuries, it may also result in excessive strains in the anterior soft tissues [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injury of the anterior longitudinal ligament during whiplash simulation

Ivancic

Pearson

Panjabi

et al. 2004

European Spine Journal

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Whiplash Produces an S-Shaped Curvature of the Neck With Hyperextension at Lower Levels

Cited by 216 publications

References 12 publications

Are early MRI findings correlated with long-lasting symptoms following whiplash injury? A prospective trial with 1-year follow-up

Are early MRI findings correlated with long-lasting symptoms following whiplash injury? A prospective trial with 1-year follow-up

A computational model of the human head and neck system for the analysis of whiplash motion

Injury of the anterior longitudinal ligament during whiplash simulation

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