2008
DOI: 10.1007/s00586-007-0484-x
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Whiplash injuries and associated disorders: new insights into an old problem

Abstract: SummaryThe Medical Task Force of the Swedish Society of Medicine and the Whiplash Commission has come to the following main conclusions:The term ''whiplash'' is so generally accepted that it should continue to be used, but the term ''whiplash trauma'' should only be used to refer to indirect cervical spine trauma. By deleting WAD grades 0 and IV from the classification system introduced in 1995 by the Quebec Task Force (QTF), the diagnosis of whiplash injury will be more exact and more realistically defined, w… Show more

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Cited by 11 publications
(11 citation statements)
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References 240 publications
(331 reference statements)
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“…In nine out of 14 included studies JPSE was assessed in participants with traumatic neck pain (Heikkil€ a and Wenngren, 1998;Kristjansson et al, 2003;Sterling et al, 2003;Treleaven et al, 2003;Armstrong et al, 2005;Feipel et al, 2006;Grip et al, 2007;Sjolander et al, 2008;Woodhouse and Vasseljen, 2008). Seven of those nine studies used the classification of the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders (WAD) (Spitzer et al, 1995;Rydevik et al, 2008). In this classification system, WAD grade 1 corresponds to complaints of neck pain, stiffness or tenderness only without physical signs that are noted by an examining physician; WAD grade 2 corresponds to complaints of neck pain and musculoskeletal signs, such as a decreased range of motion and point tenderness in the neck; and WAD grade 3 includes additional signs (decreased or absent deep tendon reflexes, weakness, and sensory deficits).…”
Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In nine out of 14 included studies JPSE was assessed in participants with traumatic neck pain (Heikkil€ a and Wenngren, 1998;Kristjansson et al, 2003;Sterling et al, 2003;Treleaven et al, 2003;Armstrong et al, 2005;Feipel et al, 2006;Grip et al, 2007;Sjolander et al, 2008;Woodhouse and Vasseljen, 2008). Seven of those nine studies used the classification of the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders (WAD) (Spitzer et al, 1995;Rydevik et al, 2008). In this classification system, WAD grade 1 corresponds to complaints of neck pain, stiffness or tenderness only without physical signs that are noted by an examining physician; WAD grade 2 corresponds to complaints of neck pain and musculoskeletal signs, such as a decreased range of motion and point tenderness in the neck; and WAD grade 3 includes additional signs (decreased or absent deep tendon reflexes, weakness, and sensory deficits).…”
Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Following cervical whiplash, neck pain can radiate to the spinal cord roots and has been linked with slight changes in median nerve function [1]. Cervical whiplash may also influence intervertebral discs, muscles, facet joints and ligaments, which may irritate surrounding nerve roots [2]. Therefore, neural responses and dysesthetic pain can appear in the absence of apparent nerve fibre or tissue damage [3].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This possibility merits consideration because neck pain and vertigo are each very common human experiences, and even when each symptom results from an independently occurring etiology, the likelihood of temporal overlap (coincidence) by random distribution is not small. Neck pain is common and appears to be increasing; the prevalence among adults aged 25–84 in the US was 14.8% in 2002 and 17.2% in 2018 [ 11 ]; similar demographics are reported in other countries [ 12 ]. In the US, dizziness and vertigo accounted for 20.6 million ambulatory care visits per year in 2013–2015 [ 13 ], and for approximately 4 million emergency department visits in 2011 [ 14 ].…”
Section: Immediate Problemsmentioning
confidence: 90%
“…However, most injuries are not so focal as to affect the neck in isolation; in fact, whiplash—the most common neck injury, in whose context cervicogenic vertigo is suspected—is usually not a “pure neck injury.” Yacovino and Hain note that “Postwhiplash vertigo can combine several mechanisms. At the ear level, the otolith system is prone to suffer inertial damage” [ 6 ], and several authors have noted that benign paroxysmal positional vertigo can result from acceleration-deceleration injuries [ 12 , 17 , 18 ]. More broadly, “Dizziness following neck injury may be due to vestibular system pathologies, brain injury, or cervicogenic dizziness” [ 8 ], including “the ear (labyrinth contusion), the brainstem, the cortical and subcortical structures, and the vertebral arteries (traumatic artery dissection)” [ 6 ].…”
Section: Immediate Problemsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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