Which Comes First in Adolescence—Sex and Drugs or Depression?

Hallfors, Denise Dion; Waller, Martha W.; Bauer, Daniel J.; Ford, Carol A.; Halpern, Carolyn Tucker

doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2005.06.002

Cited by 307 publications

(264 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The current study showed that around 30% of respondents were depressed. This result, however, is different from the results of other research, for instance that of Hallfors et al (2005) and the 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, in which it was estimated that 14% of adolescents aged 12-17 had experienced at least MDE in their lifetime and an estimated 9.0% of them had experienced at least one MDE in the past year. Adolescents aged 16 or 17 were more than twice as likely to report earlier MDE compared to those aged 12 or 13 (12.3 Vs 5.4%).The results of the current study, also, differ from those of Modabber-Nia et al (2006); Hosseini and Mousavi (2004);Masood Zadeh (2002), who indicated that 34, 44.3 and 39.1% of high schools' students in Iran had depression, respectively.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

“…True depression in teens is often difficult to diagnose because normal adolescent behavior is marked by both up and down moods due to the hormonal changes teens experience (Mackenzie et al, 2001). Hallfors et al (2005); who were responsible for the National Survey on Drug Use and Health in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, estimated that 14% of adolescents aged 12-17 (approximately 3.5 million adolescents) had experienced at least one Major Depressive Episode (MDE) in their lifetime and that 9.0% (2.2 million adolescents) had also experienced at least one MDE in the past one year. Adolescents aged 16 or 17 had more depression in the past year compared with adolescents aged 12 or 13 (12.3 Vs 5.4%).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Relationship between Gender, Age, Depression and Academic Achievement

Redzuan¹

2010

Current Research in Psychology

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Problem statement: Depression is said to have a relationship with academic achievement. Thus, the purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between age, depression and academic achievement among adolescents. Approach: The study was carried out among 400 students (200 boys and 200 girls) in the age range 15-19 years. The instrument used for data collection was the Beck Depression Inventory (21 item BDI). The analysis of data used correlation coefficient and t-test. Results:The results showed that 27.5% of the boys and 31.5% of the girls were depressed and that depression and academic achievement were significantly correlated, r = -0.22, p≤0.000. Also, based on results of the present study, age and academic achievement were significantly correlated (r = 0.23, p≤0.000). In addition there was significant difference of academic achievement between male and female, (t (1) = -5.47, p = 0.000). Conclusion/Recommendations: It is recommended that along with academic achievement, mental health be developed in school settings using support strategies such as educational guidance and counseling, teaching life skill programs and psychotherapy.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Gender, Age, Depression and Academic Achievement

Redzuan¹

2010

Current Research in Psychology

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“…This assertion is supported by data showing that adolescents who initiate sexual behavior earlier are more likely to suffer from depression and engage in other risk-taking behaviors [11]. Early adolescent sexual behavior, however, is confounded by high rates of coercive sex, older partners, and the co-occurrence of other risk behaviors such as substance use.…”

Section: Sexual Behavior Marriage and Pregnancysupporting

confidence: 64%

Abstinence and abstinence-only education

Ott

Santelli

2007

Current Opinion in Obstetrics &Amp; Gynecology

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Purpose of review-To review recent literature on medical accuracy, program effectiveness, and ethical concerns related to abstinence-only policies for adolescent sexuality education.Recent findings-The federal government invests over 175 million dollars annually in 'abstinence-only-until-marriage' programs. These programs are required to withhold information on contraception and condom use, except for information on failure rates. Abstinence-only curricula have been found to contain scientifically inaccurate information, distorting data on topics such as condom efficacy, and promote gender stereotypes. An independent evaluation of the federal program, several systematic reviews, and cohort data from population-based surveys find little evidence of efficacy and evidence of possible harm. In contrast, comprehensive sexuality education programs have been found to help teens delay initiation of intercourse and reduce sexual risk behaviors. Abstinence-only polices violate the human rights of adolescents because they withhold potentially life-saving information on HIV and other STIs.Summary-Federal support of abstinence-only as an approach to adolescent sexuality education is of much concern due to medical inaccuracies, lack of effectiveness, and the withholding and distorting of health information.

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“…Evidence for a weak but consistent prediction of drinking from negative affect (i.e., more stable patterns of negative mood), internalizing symptoms and depression in adolescents is often interpreted as support for a self-medication process in youth (e.g., Halfors, Waller, Bauer, Ford, & Halpern, 2005;Tschann, Adler, Irwin, Millstein et al, 1994). The methods used by these studies test inter-individual differences in mood-drinking relations (i.e., identifying differences between youth in risk for drinking) based on repeated assessments separated by months or years.…”

Section: Mechanisms Underlying Negative Mood-drinking Relationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conduct Problems Moderate Self-Medication and Mood-Related Drinking Consequences in Adolescents

Hussong

Gould

Hersh

2008

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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Objective-We tested whether conduct problems moderate the relation between negative mood and drinking in adolescents as consistent with either a self-medication or a drinking consequences model. Method-The sample included 75 rising ninth graders who completed a two-stage, multi-method, multi-reporter study. We used experience sampling to assess negative mood and drinking over 21 days and Hierarchical Linear Modeling to test our hypotheses.Results-Counter to predictions, both self-medication and drinking consequence mechanisms were only evident in youth with fewer conduct problems.Conclusions-Findings provide support for the importance of considering multiple mechanisms as underlying the relation between negative mood and drinking as pertaining to sub-populations of vulnerable youth. Implications for prevention and understanding negative mood-drinking relations in adolescents are discussed.The relation between negative mood and drinking continues to cultivate notable interest, despite mounting evidence that the two are only weakly associated (Baker, Piper, McCarthy, Majeskie, & Fiore, 2004). Current approaches to testing this relation may in part explain why stronger effects have not been reported, particularly in adolescents. First, few studies consider alternative mechanisms to self-medication in testing the relation between negative mood and drinking even though such alternatives may be equally powerful in explaining this association (Hussong, Hicks, Levy & Curran, 2001). Second, cross-sectional and long-term prospective research designs used in studies supporting self-medication in adolescents are poorly suited to tests of this mechanism. Whereas studies of adults have used more temporally consistent experience sampling methods (ESM) to examine short-term covariation between mood and drinking (Hussong et al., 2001;Park, Armeli, & Tennen, 2004), no studies have used such methods to test this relation in adolescents. Third, many studies continue to test the main effect of negative mood on adolescent drinking, even though current formulations emphasize individual differences in vulnerability to selfmedication (e.g., Cooper, Frone, Russell & Mudar, 1995;Cooper, Russell, Skinner, Frone & Mudar, 1992;Kushner, Sher, Wood & Wood, 1994). In the current study, we addressed these three limitations by testing whether conduct problems moderate the relation between daily negative mood and adolescent drinking through either a self-medication (in which negative mood leads to drinking) or drinking consequences (in which drinking leads to negative mood) model. Mechanisms underlying negative mood-drinking relationsEvidence for a weak but consistent prediction of drinking from negative affect (i.e., more stable patterns of negative mood), internalizing symptoms and depression in adolescents is often interpreted as support for a self-medication process in youth (e.g., Halfors, Waller, Bauer, Ford, & Halpern, 2005;Tschann, Adler, Irwin, Millstein et al., 1994). The methods used by these studies test inter-individual diffe...

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Which Comes First in Adolescence—Sex and Drugs or Depression?

Cited by 307 publications

References 28 publications

The Relationship between Gender, Age, Depression and Academic Achievement

The Relationship between Gender, Age, Depression and Academic Achievement

Abstinence and abstinence-only education

Conduct Problems Moderate Self-Medication and Mood-Related Drinking Consequences in Adolescents

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