Which Boys Will Fare Worse? Early Predictors of the Onset of Conduct Disorder in a Six-Year Longitudinal Study

Loeber, Rolf; Green, Stephanie M.; Keenan, Kate; Lahey, Benjamin B.

doi:10.1097/00004583-199504000-00017

Cited by 322 publications

(221 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…More to the point, Figure 3 shows that boys who exhibited lower levels of CD in Wave 1 but showed increasing levels of CD over time also exhibited high and relatively stable levels of ODD behaviors across Waves 1-7. Consistent with the hypothesis that childhood ODD is a developmental precursor to CD in at least some boys Loeber, Green, Keenan, & Lahey, 1995), this reveals that boys who engaged in high levels of CD during adolescence showed high levels of ODD during the early waves of the study, even if they did not engage in high levels of CD until later waves in the study. That is, among these boys with high levels of conduct problems only during the later waves of the study, high early levels of ODD preceded their upsurge in CD behaviors.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Waxing and waning in concert: Dynamic comorbidity of conduct disorder with other disruptive and emotional problems over 17 years among clinic-referred boys.

Lahey¹,

Loeber²,

Burke³

et al. 2002

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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Six waves of structured diagnostic assessments were conducted of 168 clinic-referred 7-to 12-year-olds, over 7 years. Wave-to-wave changes in the number of conduct disorder (CD) behaviors were paralleled by correlated changes in the numbers of symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, and anxiety. In addition, CD in Wave 1 predicted levels of ODD, ADHD, depression, and anxiety in later waves when initial levels of those symptoms were controlled, but only ODD in Wave 1 predicted CD in later waves when initial CD levels were controlled. These findings indicate a striking degree of dynamic comorbidity between CD and other types of psychopathology and provide an initial empirical framework for needed developmental models of comorbidity.Conduct disorder (CD) co-occurs at greater than chance levels with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorders, and depressive disorders in both clinical and population-based samples (Angold, Costello, & Erkanli, 1999;Caron & Rutter, 1991;Lahey, Miller, Gordon, & Riley, 1999;Loeber & Keenan, 1994;Moffitt, Caspi, Rutter, & Silva, 2001). Comorbid psychopathology almost certainly contributes to the distress and functional impairment experienced by youths with CD and complicates their treatment. Moreover, theories of the origins and course of CD that do not explain its high degree of comorbidity with other types of psychopathology would be incomplete. Therefore, understanding these patterns of comorbidity is essential to understanding the fundamental nature of both CD and its comorbid conditions. Caron and Rutter (1991) and Loeber and Keenan (1994) noted the particular need for longitudinal studies of comorbidity to understand the developmental relationships among disorders. Among other things, such studies would help to determine if (a) one type of psychopathology tends to precede another in developmental time and increase the likelihood of the latter type of psychopathology, (b) whether CD and other disorders are more likely to be comorbid at particular times in development than other times, and (c) whether CD and other disorders tend to wax and wane in concert over time. Such information would provide much of the necessary empirical framework for theories of both the development of CD and its dynamic comorbidity with other disorders.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Waxing and waning in concert: Dynamic comorbidity of conduct disorder with other disruptive and emotional problems over 17 years among clinic-referred boys.

Lahey¹,

Loeber²,

Burke³

et al. 2002

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

Self Cite

176

155

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show abstract

“…This contrasts with several clinical [19,28,30] and general population studies [16,23,45] in which ADHD and ODD are described as two distinct constructs. If the present study had relied solely on parent reports, one might have argued that the overlap of ADHD and ODD was caused by an inability of parents to distinguish ADHD symptoms from ODD symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Research regarding disruptive behaviors in children and adolescents from the general population is important to identify risk factors (e.g., [10,12,27,30]) and mechanisms that determine change in symptoms across time [21,39]. To study disruptive behaviors adequately, we need to distinguish between individuals with different types of problems that may have a different etiology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cooccurrence of ADHD, ODD, and CD is greater than expected by chance [31] in both clinical [19,28,30] and general population samples [16,23,45]. The high comorbidity rates raise the question whether the existing distinction between ADHD, ODD, and CD represents the best way to identify homogeneous groups of individuals with disruptive behaviors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Classes of adolescents with disruptive behaviors in a general population sample

Sondeijker

Ferdinand

Oldehinkel

et al. 2005

Soc Psychiat Epidemiol

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“…A score of 1-9 was assigned to each parental job; when both parents were employed, the highest of the two scores was used. Because low SES, in contrast to medium and high SES, has been identified as a specific risk factor for a host of externalized behaviours, such as hyperactive, impulsive, aggressive, and rulebreaking behaviour [3,5,16,29,35,52] we split SES into two classes of risk: low SES 1-3 (mean: 2.88 ± 0.35) and medium to high SES 4-9 (6.46 ± 1.74).…”

Section: Behavioural Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

COMT Val158Met polymorphism and socioeconomic status interact to predict attention deficit/hyperactivity problems in children aged 10–14

Nobile

Rusconi

Bellina

et al. 2009

Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry

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The functional Val158Met COMT polymorphism appears to affect a host of behaviours mediated by the pre-frontal cortex, and has been found associated to the risk for disruptive behaviours including ADHD. Parental socioeconomic status (SES) has also been reported as a predictor for the same childhood disorders. In a general population sample of 575 Italian pre-adolescents aged 10-14, we examined the association of the functional Val158Met COMT polymorphism and SES-both as linear and interactive effects-with oppositional defiant problems, conduct problems, and attention deficit/hyperactivity problems, as defined by the newly established Child Behaviour Check-List/6-18 DSM oriented scales. Multivariate-and subsequent univariate-analysis of covariance showed a significant association of COMT 9 SES interaction with CBCL 6/18 DOS attention deficit/hyperactivity problems (p = 0.004), and revealed higher scores among those children with Val/Val COMT genotype who belonged to low-SES families. We also found a significant association of SES with attention deficit/hyperactivity problems and conduct problems DOS (p = 0.04 and 0.01, respectively). Our data are consistent with a bulk of recent literature suggesting a role of environmental factors in moderating the contribution of specific genetic polymorphisms to human variability in ADHD. While future investigations will refine and better clarify which specific environmental and genetic mechanisms are at work in influencing the individual risk to ADHD in pre-adolescence, these data may contribute to identify/prevent the risk for ADHD problems in childhood.

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Which Boys Will Fare Worse? Early Predictors of the Onset of Conduct Disorder in a Six-Year Longitudinal Study

Cited by 322 publications

References 29 publications

Waxing and waning in concert: Dynamic comorbidity of conduct disorder with other disruptive and emotional problems over 17 years among clinic-referred boys.

Waxing and waning in concert: Dynamic comorbidity of conduct disorder with other disruptive and emotional problems over 17 years among clinic-referred boys.

Classes of adolescents with disruptive behaviors in a general population sample

COMT Val158Met polymorphism and socioeconomic status interact to predict attention deficit/hyperactivity problems in children aged 10–14

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