Whey and casein labeled with<scp>l</scp>-[1-<sup>13</sup>C]leucine and muscle protein synthesis: effect of resistance exercise and protein ingestion

Reitelseder, Søren; Agergaard, Jakob; Doessing, Simon; Helmark, I. C.; Lund, Peter; Kristensen, Niels Bastian; Frystyk, Jan; Flyvbjerg, Allan; Schjerling, Peter; Hall, Gerrit van; Kjær, Michael; Holm, Lars

doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00513.2010

Cited by 162 publications

(208 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…As whey protein contains about 50% of EAA [7] and 11 to 12% of leucine [37] about 120mg/kg of EAA and ~28 mg/kg of leucine would be required to maintain an optimal anabolic environment. However in resistance trained individuals, a higher protein requirements between 1.4 to 2 g/kg/d [38] would be needed to support muscle mass maintenance and training adaptations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In summary, although several studies have analyzed the effect of whey protein supplementation on resistance training performance and outcomes [6][7][8][9], only some of them have specifically focused on resistance training individuals [10,11,3,12]. Indeed, only a few studies were focused on recreationally or well strength-trained athletes, and have reported a positive effect of whey, administered alone or combined with other nutrients, to maximize strength [13,2], lean body mass (LBM) or fat free mass (FFM) gains [2,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Whey Protein Alone or as Part of a Multi-ingredient Formulation on Strength, Fat-Free Mass, or Lean Body Mass in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Meta-analysis

Naclerio

Larumbe-Zabala

2015

Sports Med

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Background: Even though the positive effects of whey protein-containing supplements for optimizing the anabolic responses and adaptations process in resistance-trained individuals have been supported by several investigations, their use continues to be controversial. Additionally, the administration of different multi-ingredient (MTN) formulations where whey proteins are combined with carbohydrates, other protein sources, creatine and amino acids or derivatives, have been extensively proposed as an effective strategy to maximize strength and muscle mass gains in athletes.Objective: We aimed to systematically summarize and quantify whether whey proteincontaining supplements, administered alone or as a part of a multi-ingredient, could improve the effects of resistance training on fat free mass or lean body mass, and strength in resistance trained individuals when compared to other iso-energetic supplements containing carbohydrates or other sources of proteins.Design: A structured literature search was conducted on PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, Cochrane Libraries, U.S. National Institutes of Health clinicaltrials.gov, SPORTDiscus and Google Scholar databases. Main inclusion criteria comprised randomized controlled trial (RCT) study design, adults (18 years and over), resistance trained individuals, interventions (a resistance training program for a period of 6 weeks or longer, combined with whey protein supplementation administered alone or as a part of a multi-ingredient), and a calorie equivalent contrast supplement from carbohydrates or other non-whey protein sources. Continuous data on fat-free mass and lean body mass, and maximal strength were pooled using a random-effects model.Results: Data from 9 RCTs were included, involving 11 treatments and 192 participants. LimitationsStudies involving interventions of more than 6 weeks on resistance training individuals are scarce and account for small number of participants. Furthermore, no studies with intervention longer than 12 weeks have been found. The variation regarding the supplementation protocol, namely the different doses criteria or timing of ingestion also add some concerns to the studies comparison. ConclusionsWhey protein alone or as a part of a multi-ingredient appears to maximize lean body mass or fat free mass gain, as well as upper and lower body strength improvement with respect The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0403-y 4 to the ingestion of an iso-energetic equivalent carbohydrate or non-whey protein supplement in resistance training individuals. This enhancement effect seems to be more evident when whey proteins are consumed within a multi-ingredient containing creatine. Key Points1. Resistance training combined with supplements containing whey protein in trained individuals is associated with extra increases in fat-free mass or lean body mass and upper and lower body maximal strength when compared with contrast groups consuming the same amount of energy from carbohydrate or...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Whey Protein Alone or as Part of a Multi-ingredient Formulation on Strength, Fat-Free Mass, or Lean Body Mass in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Meta-analysis

Naclerio

Larumbe-Zabala

2015

Sports Med

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“…milk protein, which contains whey and casein, soy protein, egg white, and beef) augments muscle protein synthesis after exercise more than exercise alone 29,30) .…”

Section: Effect Of Different Sources Of Proteinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of muscle protein metabolism by nutrition and exercise

Ato

Fujita

2017

JPFSM

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“…Different from whey protein that remain soluble in the stomach, and thus are emptied rapidly, casein is converted into a solid clot, and emptied more slowly from the stomach [38]. These differences in digestive properties are likely to contribute to the different patterns of AA concentrations that have been observed after ingestion of whey or casein protein [24,38]. Therefore, casein has been termed as "slow", and whey has been termed as "fast" protein [39,40].…”

Section: Milk Composition: Protein Sub-fractions Manufacturing and Mamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…of the manufacturing process. A range of processed milk proteins (concentrates, isolates, hydrolyzate or peptides) has been used for different purposes including change in metabolic health in young or elderly people or training optimization outcomes in untrained recreationally active or well trained athletes [19,[22][23][24][25][26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Whey Protein Supplement in Resistance Trained Individuals

Naclerio

Alkhatib

Jiménez

2013

J Sports Med Doping Stud

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Athletes and recreationally resistance-trained individuals often use protein supplements in an attempt to maximize their training gains and performance. Because of the high bioavailability and solubility and its higher proportion of essential amino acids including Leucine, whey protein extract has been proposed as the best optimal form of protein for strength and power athletes. The objective of this review is to examine the current evidence for the efficacy of whey protein containing supplements to optimize strength training adaptation and outcomes for regular resistance training practitioners.A limited numbers of studies have reported positive effects of whey protein containing supplements (including those with carbohydrate and creatine) for optimizing the anabolic responses and adaptations process in resistancetrained individuals.In order to promote a more anabolic environment and maximize muscle protein synthesis along the day, an eating pattern behavior involving frequents meals (every 3 to 5 h) containing 17 to 20 g of high quality protein (200 to 250 mg/ kg) providing 8 to 10 g of EAA (90 to 110 mg/kg) and about 2 g of Leucine (20 to 25 mg/kg) have been recommended. Special attention should be given to the periworkout hours where the ingestion of whey proteins combined with carbohydrates, creatine monohydrate (0.1 g/kg/d) and other proteins sources such as casein before, during and after workout have been shown to improve training adaptations and enhance the recovery process. However, when considering that the training conditions (workout volume, organization, number of exercises) used in the available studies are substantially different than what athletes actually perform. Optimal whey protein supplementation protocols need to specifically be based on the regular resistance training workout organization and would probably need to consider other doses and timing strategies than what is currently recommended.

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Whey and casein labeled withl-[1-¹³C]leucine and muscle protein synthesis: effect of resistance exercise and protein ingestion

Cited by 162 publications

References 59 publications

Effects of Whey Protein Alone or as Part of a Multi-ingredient Formulation on Strength, Fat-Free Mass, or Lean Body Mass in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Meta-analysis

Effects of Whey Protein Alone or as Part of a Multi-ingredient Formulation on Strength, Fat-Free Mass, or Lean Body Mass in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Meta-analysis

Regulation of muscle protein metabolism by nutrition and exercise

Effectiveness of Whey Protein Supplement in Resistance Trained Individuals

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Whey and casein labeled withl-[1-13C]leucine and muscle protein synthesis: effect of resistance exercise and protein ingestion

Cited by 162 publications

References 59 publications

Effects of Whey Protein Alone or as Part of a Multi-ingredient Formulation on Strength, Fat-Free Mass, or Lean Body Mass in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Meta-analysis

Effects of Whey Protein Alone or as Part of a Multi-ingredient Formulation on Strength, Fat-Free Mass, or Lean Body Mass in Resistance-Trained Individuals: A Meta-analysis

Regulation of muscle protein metabolism by nutrition and exercise

Effectiveness of Whey Protein Supplement in Resistance Trained Individuals

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Product

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Whey and casein labeled withl-[1-¹³C]leucine and muscle protein synthesis: effect of resistance exercise and protein ingestion