Where we live: The impact of neighborhoods and community factors on cardiovascular health in the United States

Xiao, Yang-Yu Karen; Graham, Garth

doi:10.1002/clc.23107

Cited by 27 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 18 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…Additionally, results from a study of 15 American states showed that an increase in cardiovascular and respiratory illness was linked to tree loss [25]. Xiao et al found that participants were more likely to have ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) rather than poor CVH in neighbourhoods that offered physical activity resources (19%), or a walking/physical activity environment (20%) [26]. The relationship between urban green space and cardiovascular health has been revealed by a number of studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Relationship between Green Space in a Neighbourhood and Cardiovascular Health in the Winter City of China: A Study Using a Health Survey for Harbin

Yan

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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A severely cold climate has a significant impact on cardiovascular health, involving temperature, air environment, exercise and diet. Existing studies have revealed that green space, as an important health resource, may play a positive role in promoting cardiovascular health through the air environment and exercise. Studies focusing on the correlation between green space and cardiovascular health are rarely carried out in winter cities. The purpose of this paper is to take a winter city in China as an empirical case to explore the correlation between green space in a neighbourhood and cardiovascular health in a representative sample at the neighbourhood level, combining the results with Urban Residential Area Planning and Design Standards (GB50180-2018) in China and the existing research. The results showed that green space characteristics of a neighbourhood were related to cardiovascular disease and some of its risk factors. In neighbourhoods with a Green Space Ratio lower than 28%, residents had a higher risk of physical inactivity, overweight or obesity, hypertension and stroke. In neighbourhoods with a Green View Index lower than 15%, residents had a higher risk of physical inactivity, overweight/obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and stroke. A correlation was found between evergreen tree configuration type and the prevalence of overweight/obesity and hypertension. No correlation was found between the type of sports field and cardiovascular disease and its risk factors, except for hypertension. Residents’ cardiovascular health scores also showed significant differences among neighbourhoods with different green space characteristics. Intervention efforts may benefit from emphasising the importance of improving the Green Space Ratio and Green View Index effectively in a neighbourhood to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Relationship between Green Space in a Neighbourhood and Cardiovascular Health in the Winter City of China: A Study Using a Health Survey for Harbin

Yan

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…In addition to poor access to healthy foods and exercise, individuals living in poverty are exposed to disproportionate environmental toxicities. Multiple studies connect the stress of living in low-income, under-resourced neighborhoods to chronic diseases (10,11). Elevated exposure to stressors begins in childhood, and ACEs are more common in low-income neighborhoods (12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Listen and learn: Using focus groups in program planning for a low-income population at cardiovascular risk

Kirzner

Robbins

Privitello

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Poverty increases the risk of cardiac disease, while diminishing the resources available to mitigate that risk. Available prevention programs often require resources that low-income residents of urban areas do not possess, e.g. membership fees, resources to purchase healthy foods, and safe places for physical activity. The aim of this study is to obtain participant input in order to understand the health-related goals, barriers, and strengths as part of planning a program to reduce cardiovascular risk.Methods: In a mixed methods study, we used surveys and focus groups as part of planning an intervention specifically designed to meet the needs of lower income individuals. Based on prior research, we used Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and its core constructs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness as the theoretical framework for analysis. The study collected information on the perspectives of low-income urban residents on their risks of cardiovascular disease, their barriers to addressing health needs, and how they addressed those barriers. Focus group transcripts were analyzed using standard qualitative methods including paired coding and development of themes from identified codes.Results: Participants had health goals that aligned with accepted approaches to reducing their cardiovascular risks, however they lacked the resources to reach those goals. We found the need for support in the three SDT core constructs. The barriers that participants reported suggested that these basic psychological needs were often thwarted by their environments.Conclusions: Substantial disparities in both access to health-promoting resources and in support for autonomy, competence, and relatedness must be addressed in order to design an effective intervention for a low-income population at cardiac risk.

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“…In terms of environment, as the most important spatial carrier of exercise in the urban space [ 8 ], and having other advantages such as improving air quality, enhancing the social communication, and reducing pressure [ 9 ], green spaces have been widely found to be associated with cardiovascular health [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. According to the U.S. National Environmental Protection Agency, green space is defined as land that is partly or completely covered with grass, trees, shrubs or other vegetation, including parks, squares, playgrounds, residential yards, schoolyards, public seating areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are a growing number of studies focusing on the impacts of green space on cardiovascular health [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. The involving green space factors include the scale, layout, physical activity resources, and the use [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. The involving cardiovascular health outcomes include obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and other risk factors, as well as the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease such as stroke [ 10 , 11 , 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Planning for Supportive Green Spaces in the Winter City of China: Linking Exercise of Elderly Residents and Exercise Prescription for Cardiovascular Health

Zhao

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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The elderly population have a high incidence of cardiovascular disease and are the main users of green spaces, such as city parks. Creating supportive green spaces for exercise for the elderly is of great significance to promote their cardiovascular health. The winter cities have a severely cold climate and high incidence of cardiovascular disease, while the elderly, especially those with cardiovascular disease, face more challenges when participating in exercise in the green spaces. In the context of the winter cities, the kinds of exercise the elderly participate in are more conducive to their cardiovascular health, and determining the factors of the green spaces that are supportive for exercise for cardiovascular health in the winter are of particular interest. Taking Harbin, a typical winter city in China, as an example, this study aims to identify the exercise characteristics of elderly residents in the green spaces in winter, to link them with the principles and contents of exercise prescription for cardiovascular health, to identify the deficient factors of the green spaces in supporting exercise for cardiovascular health, and to put forward optimization design implications. Mixed qualitative methods including interviews, a questionnaire, and field observation were used to identify special behavioral characteristics and spatial factors involving winter exercise in the green spaces among the elderly. The results showed that: (1) about 42.4% of the participants had a gap with the principles of exercise prescription for cardiovascular health. Their exercise items were generally consistent with the principle of low-intensity exercise, but some of them had the problems regarding early exercise time and insufficient exercise duration and frequency. (2) Insufficient supportive factors of the green spaces mainly included facilities allocation, comfort, safety, accessibility, and air quality. Facilities allocation involved walking paths, rehabilitation facilities, auxiliary facilities, and guidance facilities; comfort involved sunlight conditions of the exercise areas; safety involved slippery roads and sites with ice and snow and medical accidents; accessibility involved the proximity, the safety of connecting roads, and the movement of the elderly; air quality involved the planting of evergreen trees. Accordingly, the design implications were given in order to bridge the supportive gap of the green spaces for exercise for cardiovascular health in the elderly population.

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Where we live: The impact of neighborhoods and community factors on cardiovascular health in the United States

Cited by 27 publications

References 18 publications

Exploring the Relationship between Green Space in a Neighbourhood and Cardiovascular Health in the Winter City of China: A Study Using a Health Survey for Harbin

Exploring the Relationship between Green Space in a Neighbourhood and Cardiovascular Health in the Winter City of China: A Study Using a Health Survey for Harbin

Listen and learn: Using focus groups in program planning for a low-income population at cardiovascular risk

Planning for Supportive Green Spaces in the Winter City of China: Linking Exercise of Elderly Residents and Exercise Prescription for Cardiovascular Health

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