“…A contribution of auditory spatial information to the "What" stream has been demonstrated recently at the level of the early-stage auditory areas (Rivier & Clarke, 1997;Wallace, Johnston, & Palmer, 2002). Two of these areas are considered to be part of the "What" pathway because of their specialisation in sound recognition (Viceic et al, 2006); one of the two (ALA) was shown also to carry spatial information (Budd et al, 2003;Hall, Barrett, Akeroyd, & Summerfield, 2005) and to be modulated by the position of sound abjects (van der Zwaag, Gentile, Gruetter, Spierer, & Clarke, 2011).…”
Section: Explicit Vs Implicit Use and The Dual-stream Model Of Auditmentioning
“…A contribution of auditory spatial information to the "What" stream has been demonstrated recently at the level of the early-stage auditory areas (Rivier & Clarke, 1997;Wallace, Johnston, & Palmer, 2002). Two of these areas are considered to be part of the "What" pathway because of their specialisation in sound recognition (Viceic et al, 2006); one of the two (ALA) was shown also to carry spatial information (Budd et al, 2003;Hall, Barrett, Akeroyd, & Summerfield, 2005) and to be modulated by the position of sound abjects (van der Zwaag, Gentile, Gruetter, Spierer, & Clarke, 2011).…”
Section: Explicit Vs Implicit Use and The Dual-stream Model Of Auditmentioning
“…Also, the signal strength of venous blood is reduced due to a shortened relaxation time, restricting activation signals to the cortical gray matter and thus improving the spatial specificity of the BOLD signal (van der Zwaag et al, 2009;van der Zwaag et al, 2011). fMRI data were acquired using an eight-channel head volume rf-coil (RAPID Biomedical) and an EPI pulse sequence with sinusoidal readout (Speck et al, 2008) (1.5 ϫ 1.5 mm in-plane resolution, slice thickness ϭ 1.5 mm, TR ϭ 2000 ms, TE ϭ 25 ms, flip angle ϭ 47°, slice gap ϭ 1.57 mm, matrix size ϭ 148 ϫ 148, field of view 222 ϫ 222, 30 oblique slices covering the superior temporal plane, first three EPI images discarded).…”
The primary auditory cortex (PAC) is central to human auditory abilities, yet its location in the brain remains unclear. We measured the two largest tonotopic subfields of PAC (hA1 and hR) using high-resolution functional MRI at 7 T relative to the underlying anatomy of Heschl's gyrus (HG) in 10 individual human subjects. The data reveals a clear anatomical-functional relationship that, for the first time, indicates the location of PAC across the range of common morphological variants of HG (single gyri, partial duplications, and complete duplications). In 20/20 individual hemispheres, two primary mirror-symmetric tonotopic maps were clearly observed with gradients perpendicular to HG. PAC spanned both divisions of HG in cases of partial and complete duplications (11/20 hemispheres), not only the anterior division as commonly assumed. Specifically, the central union of the two primary maps (the hA1-R border) was consistently centered on the full Heschl's structure: on the gyral crown of single HGs and within the sulcal divide of duplicated HGs. The anatomicalfunctional variants of PAC appear to be part of a continuum, rather than distinct subtypes. These findings significantly revise HG as a marker for human PAC and suggest that tonotopic maps may have shaped HG during human evolution. Tonotopic mappings were based on only 16 min of fMRI data acquisition, so these methods can be used as an initial mapping step in future experiments designed to probe the function of specific auditory fields.
“…Hence, we report that: (1) there are multiple paths between the bottom and the top of the auditory-prefrontal hierarchy; (2) these paths can be grouped as two major streams, each of which represents a preferential route between auditory and prefrontal components of the network; (3) their connectional patterns are inherently co-symmetric (albeit this is not the case for the visual network), wherein the axis of reflectional symmetry is closely related to the principal vector of hierarchical processing. This somewhat indefinite representation is supported by physiological studies that have reported a high degree of cross-talk between the processing streams (Cloutman, 2013;Kraus & Nicol, 2005;Romanski et al, 1999;van der Zwaag, Gentile, Gruetter, Spierer, & Clarke, 2011).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 64%
“…2). Supporting this notion, several electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies point to the functionality of this particular area (including its human homologue) as a major mediator between dorsal and ventral streams (Rauschecker, 1998;Tian et al, 2001;van der Zwaag et al, 2011;Woods et al, 2010).…”
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