Where is the lithium? Quantitative determination of the lithium distribution in lithium ion battery cells: Investigations on the influence of the temperature, the C-rate and the cell type

Vortmann-Westhoven, Britta; Winter, Martin; Nowak, Sascha

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.02.028

Cited by 68 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…[66][67][68] Including those effects will be part of future investigations, as they are not crucial for the general improvement of the introduced SEI model representation by two conductivities.…”

Section: Model Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A SEI Modeling Approach Distinguishing between Capacity and Power Fade

Kindermann

Keil

Frank

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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In this paper we introduce a pseudo two-dimensional (P2D) model for a common lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese-oxide versus graphite (NCM/graphite) cell with solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth as the dominating capacity fade mechanism on the anode and active material dissolution as the main aging mechanism on the cathode. The SEI implementation considers a growth due to non-ideal insulation properties during calendar as well as cyclic aging and a re-formation after cyclic cracking of the layer during graphite expansion. Additionally, our approach distinguishes between an electronic (σ SEI ) and an ionic (κ SEI ) conductivity of the SEI. This approach introduces the possibility to adapt the model to capacity as well as power fade. Simulation data show good agreement with an experimental aging study for NCM/graphite cells at different temperatures introduced in literature. © The Author Lithium-ion batteries are one of the most promising candidates for energy storage in future stationary storage systems and electric vehicles.1-3 Enormous research efforts have been conducted to get a thorough understanding of the system "lithium-ion cell" and to further develop it for higher energy and power density, higher safety standards as well as longer cycle life. 4 The aging behavior of lithium-ion batteries has been a focus issue of battery research since the introduction of lithium-ion cells by Sony in 1991. 5 Reviews by Agubra et al., 6,7 Arora et al., 8 Aurbach et al., 9,10 Birkl et al., 11 Broussely et al., 12 Verma et al. 13 and Vetter et al. 14 are just a few examples of the extensive literature regarding aging behavior. Commonly accepted and experimentally verified aging phenomena as mentioned in the previously cited literature are electrolyte decomposition leading to solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) growth, solvent co-intercalation, gas evolution with subsequent cracking of particles, a decrease of accessible surface area and porosity due to SEI growth, contact loss of active material particles due to volume changes during cycling, binder decomposition, current collector corrosion, metallic lithium plating and transition-metal dissolution from the cathode. The listed aging mechanisms can be assigned to three different categories that are a loss of lithium-ions (LLI), an impedance increase and a loss of active material (LAM). 12,[15][16][17][18] The LLI is synonymous to a decrease in the amount of cyclable lithium-ions as they are trapped in a passivating film on either of the electrodes or in plated metallic lithium. Due to the growth of the passivating layers and/or the formation of rock-salt in the cathode (residue of the cathode active material after transition-metal dissolution), kinetic transport of lithium-ions through those inactive areas is limited and results in an impedance rise. An LAM can be caused by the dissolution of transition-metal-ions from the cathode bulk material, changes in the electrode composition and/or changes in crystal structure of the a...

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Section: Model Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

A SEI Modeling Approach Distinguishing between Capacity and Power Fade

Kindermann

Keil

Frank

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Here, the use of isotope-labeled materials would help to better understand these losses and tailor future LIB for their needed desires. 14,16,29,46 In this work, the lithium migration through the cell and the changes during cycling by means of different plasma-based mass spectrometric techniques in combination with isotope analysis are explored by using a 6 Li-enriched electrolyte. The cell system is based on a NCM622/MCMB(HC) Li ion full cell operated at nominal voltages of 4.2 V using a EMC/EC (1 : 1 by weight) based carbonate mixture as electrolyte solvent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deciphering the lithium ion movement in lithium ion batteries: determination of the isotopic abundances of ⁶Li and ⁷Li

et al. 2019

Self Cite

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“…Together with the in‐situ thermal monitoring, tracing of the per‐electrode parameters – enabled by the co‐implemented reference electrode – is key to understanding the operational limitations of Li‐ion cells. Continuous monitoring of the anode and cathode potentials alongside distributed thermal profiling allows us to closely observe and avoid exceeding stability limits, subsequently enabling power mapping and increasing the safety of the system in real‐life applications. Specifically – cell health monitoring algorithms, usually developed based on a total cell voltage, can now be adapted and applied to the individual electrode potentials.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Thermo‐Electrochemical In Situ Instrumentation for Lithium‐Ion Energy Storage

Amietszajew

Fleming

Roberts

et al. 2019

Batteries & Supercaps

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Current "state-of-the-art" monitoring and control techniques for lithium-ion cells rely on full-cell potential measurement and occasional surface temperature measurements. However, Li-ion cells are complex multi-layer devices and as such these techniques have poor resolution, limiting applicability. In this work we develop hybrid thermo-electrochemical sensing arrays placed within the cell. The arrays are integrated into A5 pouch cells during manufacture and are used to create thermal maps in parallel with anode and cathode electrochemical data. The sensor array can be adapted to a range of cell formats and chemistries and installed into commercial or other industrially relevant cells, incorporating enhanced thermal and electrochemical diagnostic capability into a standard cell build.[a] Dr.

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Where is the lithium? Quantitative determination of the lithium distribution in lithium ion battery cells: Investigations on the influence of the temperature, the C-rate and the cell type

Cited by 68 publications

References 26 publications

A SEI Modeling Approach Distinguishing between Capacity and Power Fade

A SEI Modeling Approach Distinguishing between Capacity and Power Fade

Deciphering the lithium ion movement in lithium ion batteries: determination of the isotopic abundances of ⁶Li and ⁷Li

Hybrid Thermo‐Electrochemical In Situ Instrumentation for Lithium‐Ion Energy Storage

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Where is the lithium? Quantitative determination of the lithium distribution in lithium ion battery cells: Investigations on the influence of the temperature, the C-rate and the cell type

Cited by 68 publications

References 26 publications

A SEI Modeling Approach Distinguishing between Capacity and Power Fade

A SEI Modeling Approach Distinguishing between Capacity and Power Fade

Deciphering the lithium ion movement in lithium ion batteries: determination of the isotopic abundances of 6Li and 7Li

Hybrid Thermo‐Electrochemical In Situ Instrumentation for Lithium‐Ion Energy Storage

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Deciphering the lithium ion movement in lithium ion batteries: determination of the isotopic abundances of ⁶Li and ⁷Li